7 research outputs found
ΠΠ°Π³ΡΡΠ·Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ Π° Π² ΠΠΈΠ³Π°Π»ΠΈ, Π ΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°: ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ, Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΡ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΉ
Ambient air pollution, particularly fine particulate mass (PM2.5) and ozone (O3), is associated with premature human mortality and other health effects, but monitoring is scarce to non-existent in large parts of Africa. Lower-cost real-time affordable multi-pollutant (RAMP) monitors and a black carbon (BC) monitor were deployed in Kigali, Rwanda to fill the air quality data gap here. PM2.5 data were corrected using data from a coincident, short-term campaign that used standard filter-based gravimetry, while gas data were verified by collocation with reference carbon monoxide (CO) and O3 monitors at the Rwanda Climate Observatory at Mt Mugogo, Rwanda. Over March 2017-July 2018, the ambient average PM2.5 in Kigali was 52 Β΅g/m3, significantly higher than World Health Organization (WHO) Interim Target 1. Study average BC was 4 Β΅g/m3, comparable to mid-sized urban areas in India and China and significantly higher than BC in cities in developed countries. Spatial variability across various urban background sites in Kigali appears to be limited, while PM2.5 at Mt Mugogo is moderately correlated with PM2.5 in Kigali. A sharp diurnal profile is observed in both PM2.5 and BC, with the Absorption Angstrom Exponent (AAE) indicating that the morning peak is associated with rush-hour traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) while the late evening peak can be attributed to both traffic and domestic biofuel use. PM2.5 in the dry seasons is about two times PM2.5 during the following wet seasons while BC is 40-60% higher. Local sources contribute at least half the ambient PM2.5 during wet seasons and one-fourth during dry seasons. Traffic restrictions on some Sundays appear to reduce PM2.5 and BC by 10-12 Β΅g/m3 and 1 Β΅g/m3 respectively, but this needs further investigation. Dry season ozone in Kigali can exceed WHO guidelines. These lower cost monitors can play an important role in the continued monitoring essential to track the effectiveness of pollution-control policies recently implemented in Rwanda.ΠΠ°Π³ΡΡΠ·Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ
Π°, ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ (PM2,5) ΠΈ ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌ (O3), ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π³ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π² Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ. Π ΠΠΈΠ³Π°Π»ΠΈ, Π ΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°, Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ² Π² Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ
Π° Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΡΡ Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ (RAMP) ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈ (BC). ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ PM2.5 Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π³ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠΎΠ², Π² ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎ Π³Π°Π·Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π° ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° (CO) ΠΈ O3 Π² Π ΡΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° Π³ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΡΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π ΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°. ΠΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ° 2017 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΡΠ»Ρ 2018 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ PM2.5 Π² ΠΠΈΠ³Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ 52 ΠΌΠΊΠ³/ΠΌ3, ΡΡΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ 1 ΠΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ (ΠΠΠ). Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ BC Π² ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ 4 ΠΌΠΊΠ³/ΠΌ3, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° Π² ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ ΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ BC Π² Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ
ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½. ΠΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π² ΠΠΈΠ³Π°Π»ΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎ-Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΌΡ, ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π°, Π² ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ PM2.5 Π½Π° Π³ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΡΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ Ρ PM2.5 Π² ΠΠΈΠ³Π°Π»ΠΈ. Π Π΅Π·ΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Ρ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π΄Π»Ρ PM2.5, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ BC, ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π°Π½Π³ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ
(AAE) ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π½Π° ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΈΠΊ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ Ρ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ
Π° Π² ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΈΠΊ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ (TRAP), Π² ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΈΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Ρ Π±ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°. PM2.5 Π² ΡΡΡ
ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π² Π΄Π²Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ PM2.5 Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π»Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠ½Ρ, Π² ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ BC Π½Π° 40-60% Π²ΡΡΠ΅. ΠΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π° Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ PM2.5 Π²ΠΎ Π²Π»Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² Π·Π°ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠ½Ρ. ΠΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎ-Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΌΡ, ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°ΡΡ PM2.5 ΠΈ BC Π½Π° 10-12 ΠΌΠΊΠ³/ΠΌ3 ΠΈ 1 ΠΌΠΊΠ³/ΠΌ3 ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ·ΠΎΠ½ Π² ΡΡΡ
ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠ½ Π² ΠΠΈΠ³Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΠΠΠ. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΡΡ Ρ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΌ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΡΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π² Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π΅, Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠ»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π±ΠΎΡΡΠ±Ρ Ρ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, Π½Π΅Π΄Π°Π²Π½ΠΎ Π²Π½Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π² Π ΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π΅
Human intraspecific somatic cell hybrids: A genetic and karyotypic analysis of crosses between lymphocytes and D98/AH-2
Progress of studies on the internal tide generated by the passage of barotropic tide over continental shelf/slope
Astrobiology and the possibility of life on Earth and elsewhereβ¦
Astrobiology is an interdisciplinary scientific field not only focused on the search of extraterrestrial life, but also on deciphering the key environmental parameters that have enabled the emergence of life on Earth. Understanding these physical and chemical parameters is fundamental knowledge necessary not only for discovering life or signs of life on other planets, but also for understanding our own terrestrial environment. Therefore, astrobiology pushes us to combine different perspectives such as the conditions on the primitive Earth, the physicochemical limits of life, exploration of habitable environments in the Solar System, and the search for signatures of life in exoplanets. Chemists, biologists, geologists, planetologists and astrophysicists are contributing extensively to this interdisciplinary research field. From 2011 to 2014, the European Space Agency (ESA) had the initiative to gather a Topical Team of interdisciplinary scientists focused on astrobiology to review the profound transformations in the field that have occurred since the beginning of the new century. The present paper is an interdisciplinary review of current research in astrobiology, covering the major advances and main outlooks in the field. The following subjects will be reviewed and most recent discoveries will be highlighted: the new understanding of planetary system formation including the specificity of the Earth among the diversity of planets, the origin of water on Earth and its unique combined properties among solvents for the emergence of life, the idea that the Earth could have been habitable during the Hadean Era, the inventory of endogenous and exogenous sources of organic matter and new concepts about how chemistry could evolve towards biological molecules and biological systems. In addition, many new findings show the remarkable potential life has for adaptation and survival in extreme environments. All those results from different fields of science are guiding our perspectives and strategies to look for life in other Solar System objects as well as beyond, in extrasolar worlds