EXTRACTION OF GAHARU OIL FROM AQUILARIA MALACCENCIS USING SUBCRITICAL EXTRACTION PROCESS

Aquilaria species from the family of Thymelaeceae are the main source of gaharu, which has been classified as one of the most highly valuable, non-timber products in the world market. Currently, the method used for extracting gaharu essential oil is by using hydrodistillation. However, this method is inefficient where it produced low yield of oil with long time of extraction and thus increasing the production cost. To overcome this problem, the extraction of gaharu essential oil using Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) with pressure 20MPa, 30MPa and 40MPa at 65 °C for 2 hours was studied. Result obtained after 2 hours of experiment was 0.6% of yield, which was higher compared to 0.2% yield of gaharu essential oil obtained via 3 days of hydrodistillation. After an extraction process, the product will be analyzed by using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine the chemical compounds and composition in the Gaharu SFE’s extract. Over eighteen to thirty-one compounds were identified in SFE extract compared with fifty-five identified in the hydrodistillated oil. The mutual occurrence of chemical compounds in all three samples in SFE was dimethyl phthalate, 8-epi-.gama.-eudesmol, diethyl Phthalate and 2-3-Butanediol. In comparison, the major compounds identified in hydrodistillated oil were 4-phenyl-2-butanone, jinkoh-eremol and α-guaiene (Saiful Nizam & Mashitah, 2010). There were certain aromatic sesquiterpenes compounds that were identified in this study, such as Globulol, Alloaromadendrene Naphthalene, 10s, 11s-Himachala-3(12), 4-diene, .delta.-Selinene and (-) - Aristolene

Improved tool life in end milling Ti-6Al-4V through workpiece preheating

This paper presents the investigation of tool life improvement in end-milling of Titanium Alloy Ti-6Al-4V through workpiece preheating. End milling tests were conducted on Vertical Machining Centre with full immersion cutting. Induction heating was utilized during end milling for preheating. The titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V bar was used as the workpiece. Machining was performed with a 20 mm diameter end-mill tool holder fitted with one PCD inserts. All of the experiments were run under room temperature and preheating condition at 315, 450, and 650ºC. Flank wear has been considered as the criterion for tool failure and the wear was measured using a Hisomet II Toolmaker’s microscope. Tests were conducted until an insert was rejected when an average flank wear greater than 0.30 mm was recorded. Cutting force and torque measurements were conducted using the Kistler Rotating Cutting Force Dynamometer. Vibration during cutting was captured using an online vibration monitoring system. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was also used to investigate the wear morphology. The results led to conclusions that workpiece preheating significantly increases the tool life of PCD inserts in end-milling of Titanium Alloy Ti-6Al-4V

Improved tool life in end milling ti-6al-4v through workpiece preheating

This paper presents the investigation of tool life improvement in end-milling of Titanium Alloy Ti-6Al-4V through workpiece preheating. End milling tests were conducted on Vertical Machining Centre with full immersion cutting. Induction heating was utilized during end milling for preheating. The titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V bar was used as the workpiece. Machining was performed with a 20 mm diameter end-mill tool holder fitted with one PCD inserts. All of the experiments were run under room temperature and preheating condition at 315, 450, and 650°C. Flank wear has been considered as the criterion for tool failure and the wear was measured using a Hisomet II Toolmaker's microscope. Tests were conducted until an insert was rejected when an average flank wear greater than 0.30 mm was recorded. Cutting force and torque measurements were conducted using the Kistler Rotating Cutting Force Dynamometer. Vibration during cutting was captured using an online vibration monitoring system. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was also used to investigate the wear morphology. The results led to conclusions that workpiece preheating significantly increases the tool life of PCD inserts in end-milling of Titanium Alloy Ti-6Al-4V

FORMULATION OF SLOW RELEASE COMPRESSED FERTILIZER AND INITIAL DESIGN FOR PRODUCTION SYSTEM

A flexible layout is one that maintains low material handling costs despite fluctuations in the product demand levels. We extend existing procedures for design of flexible layouts by explicitly capturing the stochastic nature of product demands and the resulting variability in material flows between different processing departments, allowing for the possibility of multiple processing departments of the same type to exist in the same facility, and letting material flows between pairs of individual departments be determined simultaneously with the layout and as a function of demand scenarios. Optimal and heuristic methods are presented for generating flexible layouts and determining flow allocations under various design and operation assumptions. The ability to design and operate manufacturing facilities that can quickly and effectively adapt to changing technological and market requirements is becoming increasingly important to the success of any manufacturing organization. In the face of shorter product life cycles, higher product variety, increasingly unpredictable demand, and shorter delivery times, manufacturing facilities dedicated to a single product line cannot be cost effective any longer. Investment efficiency now requires that manufacturing facilities be able to shift quickly from one product line to another without major retooling, resource reconfiguration, or replacement of equipment. Investment efficiency also requires that manufacturing facilities be able to simultaneously make several products so that smaller volume products can be combined in a single facility and that fluctuations in product mixes and volumes can be more easily accommodated

The implementation of Taguchi method on EDM process of tungsten carbide

In this paper, the cutting of Tungsten Carbide ceramic using electro-discharge machining (EDM) with a graphite electrode by using Taguchi methodology has been reported. The Taguchi method is used to formulate the experimental layout, to analyse the effect of each parameter on the machining characteristics, and to predict the optimal choice for each EDM parameter such as peak current, voltage, pulse duration and interval time. It is found that these parameters have a significant influence on machining characteristic such as metal removal rate (MRR), electrode wear rate (EWR) and surface roughness (SR). The analysis of the Taguchi method reveals that, in general the peak current significantly affects the EWR and SR, while, the pulse duration mainly affects the MRR. Experimental results are provided to verify this approach

Tool life prediction by response surface methodology in end milling titanium alloy Ti-6A1-4V using uncoated WC-Co inserts

This paper presents an approach to establish models for tool life in end milling of titanium alloy Ti–6Al– 4V using uncoated carbide inserts under dry conditions. Small central composite design (CCD) was employed in developing the tool life model in relation to primary cutting parameters such as cutting speed, axial depth of cut and feed. Flank wear has been considered as the criteria for tool failure and the wear was measured under a Hisomet II Toolmaker’s microscope. Further testing was stopped and an insert rejected when an average flank wear greater than 0.30 mm was achieved. Design-expert version 6.0.8 software was applied to establish the first-order and the second-order model and develop the contours. The adequacy of the predictive model was verified using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 95% confidence level

Tool life prediction by response surface methodology in end milling titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V using uncoated WC-Co inserts

This paper presents an approach to establish models for tool life in end milling of titanium alloy Ti–6Al– 4V using uncoated carbide inserts under dry conditions. Small central composite design (CCD) was employed in developing the tool life model in relation to primary cutting parameters such as cutting speed, axial depth of cut and feed. Flank wear has been considered as the criteria for tool failure and the wear was measured under a Hisomet II Toolmaker’s microscope. Further testing was stopped and an insert rejected when an average flank wear greater than 0.30 mm was achieved. Design-expert version 6.0.8 software was applied to establish the first-order and the second-order model and develop the contours. The adequacy of the predictive model was verified using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 95% confidence level