The Biological Standard of Living in the two Germanies.

Physical stature is used as a proxy for the biological standard of living in the two Germanies before and after unification in an analysis of a cross-sectional sample (1998) of adult heights, as well as among military recruits of the 1990s. West Germans tended to be taller than East Germans throughout the period under consideration. Contrary to official proclamations of a classless society, there were substantial social differences in physical stature in East-Germany. Social differences in height were greater in the East among females, and less among males than in the West. The difficulties experienced by the East-German population after 1961 is evident in the increase in social inequality of physical stature thereafter, as well as in the increasing gap relative to the height of the West-German population. After unification, however, there is a tendency for East-German males, but not of females, to catch up with their West-German counterparts

Sustainability assessment of high voltage transmission lines

This work aims to contribute to the proposal of a multi-criteria based methodology for sustainability evaluation of impacts from high voltage transmission lines integrating indicators reflecting environmental and socio-economic criteria. The proposed methodology was applied to a transmission grid project in Manaus/Amazonas, Brazil, evaluating its sustainability. From the analysis, it can be observed that the implementation of the project tends to have a significant impact during the construction phase. The most important indexes come from the environmental dimension resulting from a proximity to environmental protected areas and reduction of vegetation both during implementation and operation phases, which is particularly important for the case of Amazonia forest. As for the socio-economic index, this reflects an optimistic expectation of the population towards the arrival of electricity to communities that can lead to the creation of more jobs and improvement of cities infrastructures along with the low expected impact on local protected communities, given the previous studies addressing these concerns during the design phase. Based on the results achieved, avenues for future research are proposed.This work is financed by the ERDF – European Regional Development Fund through the Oper ational Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalisation COMPETE 2020 Programme, and by National Funds through the Portuguese funding agency, FCT Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, within project SAICTPAC/0004/2015-POCI/01/0145/FEDER/016434.as well as by the ALGORITMI research Centre POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007043 and FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia within the Project Scope: UID/CEC/00319/2013

A heterobivalent ligand inhibits mast cell degranulation via selective inhibition of allergen-IgE interactions in vivo

Current treatments for allergies include epinephrine and antihistamines, which treat the symptoms after an allergic response has taken place; steroids, which result in local and systemic immune suppression; and IgE-depleting therapies, which can be used only for a narrow range of clinical IgE titers. The limitations of current treatments motivated the design of a heterobivalent inhibitor (HBI) of IgE-mediated allergic responses that selectively inhibits allergen-IgE interactions, thereby preventing IgE clustering and mast cell degranulation. The HBI was designed to simultaneously target the allergen binding site and the adjacent conserved nucleotide binding site (NBS) found on the Fab of IgE Abs. The bivalent targeting was accomplished by linking a hapten to an NBS ligand with an ethylene glycol linker. The hapten moiety of HBI enables selective targeting of a specific IgE, whereas the NBS ligand enhances avidity for the IgE. Simultaneous bivalent binding to both sites provided HBI with 120-fold enhancement in avidity for the target IgE compared with the monovalent hapten. The increased avidity for IgE made HBI a potent inhibitor of mast cell degranulation in the rat basophilic leukemia mast cell model, in the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis mouse model of allergy, and in mice sensitized to the model allergen. In addition, HBI did not have any observable systemic toxic effects even at elevated doses. Taken together, these results establish the HBI design as a broadly applicable platform with therapeutic potential for the targeted and selective inhibition of IgE-mediated allergic responses, including food, environmental, and drug allergies

China's post-coal growth

Slowing GDP growth, a structural shift away from heavy industry, and more proactive policies on air pollution and clean energy have caused China's coal use to peak. It seems that economic growth has decoupled from growth in coal consumption

Interaction of photons with plasmas and liquid metals: photoabsorption and scattering

Formulas to describe the photoabsorption and the photon scattering by a plasma or a liquid metal are derived in a unified manner with each other. It is shown how the nuclear motion, the free-electron motion and the core-electron behaviour in each ion in the system determine the structure of photoabsorption and scattering in an electron-ion mixture. The absorption cross section in the dipole approximation consists of three terms which represent the absorption caused by the nuclear motion, the absorption owing to the free-electron motion producing optical conductivity or inverse Bremsstrahlung, and the absorption ascribed to the core-electron behaviour in each ion with the Doppler correction. Also, the photon scattering formula provides an analysis method for experiments observing the ion-ion dynamical structure factor (DSF), the electron-electron DSF giving plasma oscillations, and the core-electron DSF yielding the X-ray Raman (Compton) scattering with a clear definition of the background scattering for each experiment, in a unified manner. A formula for anomalous X-ray scattering is also derived for a liquid metal. At the same time, Thomson scattering in plasma physics is discussed from this general point of view.Comment: LaTeX file: 18 pages without figur

ifo Konjunkturprognose 2008: Konjunktur verliert an Fahrt

Am 13. Dezember 2007 stellte das ifo Institut im Rahmen seines vorweihnachtlichen Pressegesprächs seine Prognose für die Jahre 2008 und 2009 vor. Die Weltwirtschaft hat in diesem Jahr mit 5,2% erneut sehr kräftig expandiert. Allerdings sind die Risiken für die Konjunktur im Gefolge der Turbulenzen an den internationalen Finanzmärkten inzwischen merklich gestiegen. So hat sich das vom ifo Institut erhobene Weltwirtschaftsklima im 4. Quartal 2007 deutlich verschlechtert. Sowohl die Einschätzungen der derzeitigen wirtschaftlichen Lage als auch die Erwartungen für die nächsten sechs Monate wurden nach unten revidiert. Die Verschlechterung des ifo Wirtschaftsklimas betrifft alle drei großen Weltregionen, also Westeuropa, Nordamerika und Asien. Dabei ist der stärkste Rückgang des Klimaindikators in Nordamerika, und dort in erster Linie in den USA zu verzeichnen. Diese Datenkonstellation deutet daraufhin, dass sich das Tempo der Weltkonjunktur merklich verlangsamen wird. Die deutsche Konjunktur ist zum Jahresende 2007 weiter aufwärts gerichtet, wenn auch mit nachlassender Kraft. Die Dynamik hatte im vergangenen Winter einen Höhepunkt erreicht und lässt inzwischen wieder deutlich nach. Wie das ifo Institut im Dezember 2006 erwartet hatte, hat sich der seit 2005 laufende Aufschwung trotz der massiven Erhöhung der Mehrwertsteuer fortgesetzt. Die Auftriebskräfte aus dem In- und Ausland waren kräftig genug, um die restriktiven Wirkungen der Finanzpolitik zu verkraften. Konjunkturmotor war weiterhin die Auslandsnachfrage, die trotz der massiven Aufwertung des Euro gegenüber dem US-Dollar aufgrund der dynamischen Weltkonjunktur kräftig blieb. Im Jahresdurchschnitt 2007 expandierte das reale Bruttoinlandsprodukt um 2,5%. Allerdings gab es in diesem Jahr erneut eine etwas geringere Zahl von Arbeitstagen als 2006. Nach Ausschaltung dieser Kalenderschwankung ist die Zuwachsrate der Produktion auf 2,6% zu veranschlagen, was knapp unter dem Durchschnitt der alten EU-Länder liegt.Konjunktur, Konjunkturprognose, Konjunkturumfrage, Wirtschaftslage, Geschäftsklima, Weltkonjunktur, Deutschland, Welt