Is philosophy of education a historical mistake? Connecting philosophy and education differently

In this article, I suggest that the question whether the proper place for philosophy of education is in the domain of philosophy or the domain of education cannot be resolved as long as we think of the connection between philosophy and education in terms of the idea of 'philosophy of education'. To substantiate this point, I look into the history of the idea of 'philosophy of education', both as a general idea and with regard to the way in which it became institutionalised in universities in the English-speaking world. I contrast this with the way in which the academic study of education developed in German-speaking countries in order to highlight that 'philosophy of education' is not the only way in which philosophy and education can be connected. Being aware that the connection between philosophy and education can be made differently not only provides a way out of the discussion about the proper identity and location of philosophy of education, but also hints at forms of philosophically informed scholarship that are more firmly based with the academic field of education rather than that they remain a halfway house in between philosophy and education

USE OF RESISTOGRAPH TECHNIQUE AND OF DENDROMETRIC VARIABLES IN THE MODELING OF THE BASIC DENSITY OF CLONAL POPULATIONS Eucalyptus

A densidade b\ue1sica \ue9 uma propriedade-chave de qualidade da madeira para produ\ue7\ue3o de celulose, mas sua determina\ue7\ue3o demanda muito tempo e altos custos. O desenvolvimento de ferramentas de amostragem n\ue3o destrutiva, eficiente e de baixo custo torna-se importante, e o Resist\uf3grafo pode ser uma alternativa. Este estudo teve o objetivo de utilizar dados de amplitude de resist\ueancia \ue0 perfura\ue7\ue3o coletados pelo Resist\uf3grafo, associados a vari\ue1veis dendrom\ue9tricas, para desenvolver modelos para estimativa de densidade b\ue1sica em povoamentos clonais de Eucalyptus. Utilizaram-se quatro clones h\uedbridos Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla distribu\ueddos em plantios comerciais no Vale do Para\uedba com idade variando de 2 a 7 anos. Os materiais foram amostrados pelo Resist\uf3grafo a 1,30 m do solo (DAP) e pela retirada de um disco na mesma altura para determina\ue7\ue3o da densidade b\ue1sica em laborat\uf3rio. Foram selecionadas equa\ue7\uf5es lineares simples e m\ufaltiplas, iniciando pelo uso de dados do Resist\uf3grafo (amplitude m\ue9dia) como vari\ue1vel preditora, e, posteriormente incluindo vari\ue1veis dendrom\ue9tricas como DAP, idade, altura total, altura m\ue9dia das \ue1rvores dominantes e di\ue2metro m\ue9dio quadr\ue1tico. A inclus\ue3o destas vari\ue1veis aumentou a precis\ue3o das estimativas. A melhor equa\ue7\ue3o selecionada para o conjunto dos 4 clones, ajustada, utilizando a amplitude m\ue9dia (Resist\uf3grafo), associada \ue0 altura m\ue9dia das \ue1rvores dominantes, \ue0 idade das \ue1rvores e ao di\ue2metro m\ue9dio quadr\ue1tico, apresentou R2aj igual a 68,80%, com erro padr\ue3o residual de 0,0201 g/cm3 ou 4,31%. Para cada clone, isoladamente, as equa\ue7\uf5es mais precisas tamb\ue9m foram aquelas em que se associou o Resist\uf3grafo \ue0s vari\ue1veis do indiv\uedduo e da popula\ue7\ue3o. Equa\ue7\uf5es ajustadas em fun\ue7\ue3o apenas de vari\ue1veis dendrom\ue9tricas apresentaram medidas de precis\ue3o superiores \ue0s ajustadas em fun\ue7\ue3o apenas do Resist\uf3grafo, no caso do conjunto dos 4 clones, e superiores ao Resist\uf3grafo associado a vari\ue1veis do indiv\uedduo, no caso de cada clone isoladamente. O Resist\uf3grafo mostrou-se como uma ferramenta eficiente para predi\ue7\ue3o da densidade b\ue1sica. Entretanto, estimativas t\ue3o ou mais precisas podem ser obtidas sem uso do equipamento quando se t\ueam vari\ue1veis individuais e da popula\ue7\ue3o.The basic density is a key property of wood quality for pulp production, but its determination is very time consuming and costly. The development of non-destructive sampling tools, efficient and low cost is important so the Resistograph can be an alternative. This study aimed to use drilling resistance amplitude data collected by the Resistograph, associated to dendrometrical variables, to develop models to estimate basic density in Eucalyptus clonal stands. It was used four hybrid clones of Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla distributed in commercial plantations in Para\uedba valley, with aging from 2 to 7 years. These materials were sampled by the Resistograph at 1.30 m above ground (DBH) and the removal of a disk at the same height to determine the density in the laboratory. Single and multiple linear equations were selected starting with data usage by the Resistograph (amplitude) as a predictor variable, and then dendrometric variables such as DBH, age, height, average height of dominant trees and quadratic mean diameter. The inclusion of these variables increased the accuracy of estimates. The best equation selected for all four clones, adjusted using the average amplitude (the Resistograph), associated with the average height of dominant trees, the tree age and quadratic mean diameter, presented R2aj equal to 68.80%, with error residual standard 0.0201 g/cm3 or 4.31%. For each clone alone, the more accurate equations also were those involving the Resistograph variables of the individual and the population. Equations adjusted for only dendrometric variables showed precision measurements higher than the ones adjusted for only the Resistograph, in the case of all four clones, and superior to the Resistograph associated with the individual variables in the case of each clone alone. The Resistograph proved to be an efficient tool for the prediction of density. However, equally or more accurate estimates can be obtained without use of the equipment when you have individual variables and population

Functional similarities between pigeon \u27milk\u27 and mammalian milk : induction of immune gene expression and modification of the microbiota

Pigeon ‘milk’ and mammalian milk have functional similarities in terms of nutritional benefit and delivery of immunoglobulins to the young. Mammalian milk has been clearly shown to aid in the development of the immune system and microbiota of the young, but similar effects have not yet been attributed to pigeon ‘milk’. Therefore, using a chicken model, we investigated the effect of pigeon ‘milk’ on immune gene expression in the Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT) and on the composition of the caecal microbiota. Chickens fed pigeon ‘milk’ had a faster rate of growth and a better feed conversion ratio than control chickens. There was significantly enhanced expression of immune-related gene pathways and interferon-stimulated genes in the GALT of pigeon ‘milk’-fed chickens. These pathways include the innate immune response, regulation of cytokine production and regulation of B cell activation and proliferation. The caecal microbiota of pigeon ‘milk’-fed chickens was significantly more diverse than control chickens, and appears to be affected by prebiotics in pigeon ‘milk’, as well as being directly seeded by bacteria present in pigeon ‘milk’. Our results demonstrate that pigeon ‘milk’ has further modes of action which make it functionally similar to mammalian milk. We hypothesise that pigeon ‘lactation’ and mammalian lactation evolved independently but resulted in similarly functional products

Allometry of the Duration of Flight Feather Molt in Birds

Replacement of flight feathers takes disproportionately more time for large birds than it does for small birds, because feather length increases with body size almost twice as fast as feather growth rate increases

Hif1a inactivation rescues photoreceptor degeneration induced by a chronic hypoxia-like stress

Reduced choroidal blood flow and tissue changes in the ageing human eye impair oxygen delivery to photoreceptors and the retinal pigment epithelium. As a consequence, mild but chronic hypoxia may develop and disturb cell metabolism, function and ultimately survival, potentially contributing to retinal pathologies such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Here, we show that several hypoxia-inducible genes were expressed at higher levels in the aged human retina suggesting increased activity of hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs) during the physiological ageing process. To model chronically elevated HIF activity and investigate ensuing consequences for photoreceptors, we generated mice lacking von Hippel Lindau (VHL) protein in rods. This activated HIF transcription factors and led to a slowly progressing retinal degeneration in the ageing mouse retina. Importantly, this process depended mainly on HIF1 with only a minor contribution of HIF2. A gene therapy approach using AAV-mediated RNA interference through an anti-Hif1a shRNA significantly mitigated the degeneration suggesting a potential intervention strategy that may be applicable to human patients