Is honey effective in reducing pain for people who had tonsillectomy?

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this selective evidence based medicine (EBM) review is to determine whether or not “Is honey is effective in reducing pain for people who had tonsillectomy?” STUDY DESIGN: Review two randomized control trials and one cohort study published in English between 2009 and 2019. DATA SOURCES: Two randomized control trials and one cohort study were found using PubMed databases. OUTCOMES MEASURED: The primary outcome measured was the pain intensity after tonsillectomy. The study by Mohebbi et al. and Hatami et al. used visual analog scale (VAS) and the study by Abdullah et al. used the facial pain scale for patients under 7 years old and VAS for patients above 7 years old. RESULTS: One randomized control trial (RCT) comparing honey to cephalexin, one RCT comparing honey to sultamicillin, and one cohort study comparing honey to tramadol. In a RCT by Mohebbi et al., there was a significant reduction in pain between honey and cephalexin. In a RCT by Abdullah et al. illustrated that the p-value was 0.655 indicating the result was not significant. The cohort study by Hatami et al. showed that the p-value was greater than 0.05 indicating the result was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: There were conflicting data in assessing the efficacy of honey in reducing pain for people who had tonsillectomy. In order to evaluate whether honey can significantly reduce pain, there needs to be more reliable studies that include larger sample size, or different types of honey

Intermediate-mass black holes in dwarf galaxies out to redshift ∼\sim 2.4 in the Chandra COSMOS Legacy Survey

We present a sample of 40 AGN in dwarf galaxies at redshifts $z \lesssim$ 2.4. The galaxies are drawn from the \textit{Chandra} COSMOS-Legacy survey as having stellar masses $10^{7}\leq M_{*}\leq3 \times 10^{9}$ M$_{\odot}$. Most of the dwarf galaxies are star-forming. After removing the contribution from star formation to the X-ray emission, the AGN luminosities of the 40 dwarf galaxies are in the range $L_\mathrm{0.5-10 keV} \sim10^{39} - 10^{44}$ erg s$^{-1}$. With 12 sources at $z > 0.5$, our sample constitutes the highest-redshift discovery of AGN in dwarf galaxies. The record-holder is cid\_1192, at $z = 2.39$ and with $L_\mathrm{0.5-10 keV} \sim 10^{44}$ erg s$^{-1}$. One of the dwarf galaxies has $M_\mathrm{*} = 6.6 \times 10^{7}$ M$_{\odot}$ and is the least massive galaxy found so far to host an AGN. All the AGN are of type 2 and consistent with hosting intermediate-mass black holes (BHs) with masses $\sim 10^{4} - 10^{5}$ M$_{\odot}$ and typical Eddington ratios $> 1\%$. We also study the evolution, corrected for completeness, of AGN fraction with stellar mass, X-ray luminosity, and redshift in dwarf galaxies out to $z$ = 0.7. We find that the AGN fraction for $10^{9}< M_{*}\leq3 \times 10^{9}$ M$_{\odot}$ and $L_\mathrm{X} \sim 10^{41}-10^{42}$ erg s$^{-1}$ is $\sim$0.4\% for $z \leq$ 0.3 and that it decreases with X-ray luminosity and decreasing stellar mass. Unlike massive galaxies, the AGN fraction seems to decrease with redshift, suggesting that AGN in dwarf galaxies evolve differently than those in high-mass galaxies. Mindful of potential caveats, the results seem to favor a direct collapse formation mechanism for the seed BHs in the early Universe.Comment: 16 pages, 10 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA

Fracture toughness and crack-resistance curve behavior in metallic glass-matrix composites

Nonlinear-elastic fracture mechanics methods are used to assess the fracture toughness of bulk metallic glass (BMG) composites; results are compared with similar measurements for other monolithic and composite BMG alloys. Mechanistically, plastic shielding gives rise to characteristic resistance-curve behavior where the fracture resistance increases with crack extension. Specifically, confinement of damage by second-phase dendrites is shown to result in enhancement of the toughness by nearly an order of magnitude relative to unreinforced glass