Black hole evaporation in a heat bath as a nonequilibrium process and its final fate

When a black hole evaporates, there arises a net energy flow from black hole into its outside environment (heat bath). The existence of energy flow means that the thermodynamic state of the whole system, which consists of the black hole and the heat bath, is in a nonequilibrium state. Therefore, in order to study the detail of evaporation process, the nonequilibrium effects of the energy flow should be taken into account. Using the nonequilibrium thermodynamics which has been formulated recently, this paper shows the following: (1) Time scale of black hole evaporation in a heat bath becomes shorter than that of the evaporation in an empty space (a situation without heat bath), because a nonequilibrium effect of temperature difference between the black hole and heat bath appears as a strong energy extraction from the black hole by the heat bath. (2) Consequently a huge energy burst (stronger than that of the evaporation in an empty space) arises at the end of semi-classical stage of evaporation. (3) It is suggested that a remnant of Planck size remains after the quantum stage of evaporation in order to guarantee the increase of total entropy of the whole system

ANALISIS KEBERLANJUTAN USAHATANI HORTIKULTURA SAYURAN PADA LAHAN BERLERENG DI HULU DAS JENEBERANG, SULAWESI SELATAN

This study aimed to analyse the sustainability of vegetables horticultural farming on sloping land in the upstream Jeneberang watershed based on the index evaluation and the status of sustainability by Rap-farm method using Multidimensional Scaling (MDS).Results of ordination technique analysis Rap-farm method of MDS showed that index of vegetables horticultural farming sustainability ranged from 32.19-62.53. Dimension of ecological, economical, institutional, and technological included into sustainable enough category, while social dimension, included into less sustainable category in vegetables horticultural farming systems.Results of leverage Rap-farm analysis showed that from 43 attributes that were analyzed, there were 23 sensitive attributes that affected into the sustainability of vegetables horticultural farming systems in the upstream of Jeneberang watershed. &nbsp

Black Hole Evaporation in an Expanding Universe

We calculate the quantum radiation power of black holes which are asymptotic to the Einstein-de Sitter universe at spatial and null infinities. We consider two limiting mass accretion scenarios, no accretion and significant accretion. We find that the radiation power strongly depends on not only the asymptotic condition but also the mass accretion scenario. For the no accretion case, we consider the Einstein-Straus solution, where a black hole of constant mass resides in the dust Friedmann universe. We find negative cosmological correction besides the expected redshift factor. This is given in terms of the cubic root of ratio in size of the black hole to the cosmological horizon, so that it is currently of order $10^{-5} (M/10^{6}M_{\odot})^{1/3} (t/14 {Gyr})^{-1/3}$ but could have been significant at the formation epoch of primordial black holes. Due to the cosmological effects, this black hole has not settled down to an equilibrium state. This cosmological correction may be interpreted in an analogy with the radiation from a moving mirror in a flat spacetime. For the significant accretion case, we consider the Sultana-Dyer solution, where a black hole tends to increase its mass in proportion to the cosmological scale factor. In this model, we find that the radiation power is apparently the same as the Hawking radiation from the Schwarzschild black hole of which mass is that of the growing mass at each moment. Hence, the energy loss rate decreases and tends to vanish as time proceeds. Consequently, the energy loss due to evaporation is insignificant compared to huge mass accretion onto the black hole. Based on this model, we propose a definition of quasi-equilibrium temperature for general conformal stationary black holes.Comment: Accepted for publication in Class.Quant.Grav., 18 pages and 3 figure

Implementasi Mobile Syncing Owncloud sebagai Media Storage Menggunakan Sistem Operasi Berbasis Open Source

  Owncloud is one of application sharing data and free editions also accompanied the business and Enterprise Edition, provides good security. Implementation of mobile syncing with the concept of onwcloud is required because the Exchange or sharing of data like images, video, and other files more accessible and practical. Then the confidentiality of data between employees, was more assured because owncloud-based. The research was carried out using the method of mobile syncing. Mobile syncing allows for storage of two or more versions of the same file, stored on your computer and on the network folder, identical to each other. These methods through the stages of implementation, configuration and data synchronization. From the application of the mind that this support owncloud software data storage both in the application that has been synchronized so owncloud owncloud can run in well and smoothly when used, such as in the form of a video, image, text to be accessible on the intranet or the internet.   Keyword : Owncloud, Storage, Sistem Operasi, Open Source.   &nbsp

Neutrophilic dermatoses with acute myeloid leukemia associated with an increase of serum colony-stimulating factor

ArticleJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY. 59(2)S10-S12(2008)journal articl

Multiple hypersonographic spots in basal cell carcinoma

ArticleDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY. 33(10):1215-1219(2007)journal articl

Takayasu's arteritis with pyoderma gangrenosum and necrotizing vasculitis

Author Posting. Copyright (c) The Authors 2010 This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL DERMATOLOGY, volume:35, issue:3, pages:329-330. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2230.2009.03534.xArticleCLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL DERMATOLOGY. 35(3):329-330 (2010)journal articl

Dermoscopy of pigmented lesions on mucocutaneous junction and mucous membrane

Author Posting. Copyright (c) The Authors 2009 This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in BRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, volume: 161, issue: 6, pages:1255-1261. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09251.xBackground The dermoscopic features of pigmented lesions on the mucocutaneous junction and mucous membrane are different from those on hairy skin. Differentiation between benign lesions and malignant melanomas of these sites is often difficult. Objective To define the dermoscopic patterns of lesions on the mucocutaneous junction and mucous membrane, and assess the applicability of standard dermoscopic algorithms to these lesions. Patients and methods An unselected consecutive series of 40 lesions on the mucocutaneous junction and mucous membrane was studied. All the lesions were imaged using dermoscopy devices, analysed for dermoscopic patterns and scored with algorithms including the ABCD rule, Menzies method, 7-point checklist, 3-point checklist and the CASH algorithm. Results Benign pigmented lesions of the mucocutaneous junction and mucous membrane frequently presented a dotted-globular pattern (25%), a homogeneous pattern (25%), a fish scale-like pattern (18 center dot 8%) and a hyphal pattern (18 center dot 8%), while melanomas of these sites showed a multicomponent pattern (75%) and a homogeneous pattern (25%). The fish scale-like pattern and hyphal pattern were considered to be variants of the ring-like pattern. The sensitivities of the ABCD rule, Menzies method, 7-point checklist, 3-point checklist and CASH algorithm in diagnosing mucosal melanomas were 100%, 100%, 63%, 88% and 100%; and the specificities were 100%, 94%, 100%, 94% and 100%, respectively. Conclusion The ring-like pattern and its variants (fish scale-like pattern and hyphal pattern) are frequently observed as well as the dotted-globular pattern and homogeneous pattern in mucosal melanotic macules. The algorithms for pigmented lesions on hairy skin also apply to those on the mucocutaneous junction and mucous membrane with high sensitivity and specificity.ArticleBRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY. 161(6):1255-1261 (2009)journal articl

Transient myeloproliferative disorder with vesiculopustular eruption: Early smear is useful for quick diagnosis

We report a male infant with Down syndrome who had a transient myeloproliferative disorder associated with skin lesions. He was transferred to a neonatal intensive care unit because of low body weight, fetal edema, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and 10% blast cells in the peripheral blood. On postnatal day (PD) 1, erythema with small papules, vesicles, and pustules appeared on the entire body. A smear preparation from the pustules on PD 2 showed 10% blast cells. A biopsy specimen taken on PD 5 revealed subcorneal pustules containing neutrophils and eosinophils. Genetic analyses detected a somatic mutation (197G>T, Glu295Stop) in exon 2 of GATA-1. On PD 10, the eruptions resolved spontaneously and the population of blast cells in peripheral blood decreased to 1%. The number of blast cells in pustules decreased markedly after three days. Therefore, we recommend that cytologic examination should be performed as early as possible.ArticleJournal of American Academy of Dermatology. 60(5):869-871 (2009)journal articl

Non-equilibrium Landauer Transport Model for Hawking radiation from a Black Hole

We propose that the Hawking radiation energy and entropy flow rates from a black hole can be viewed as a one-dimensional (1D), non-equilibrium Landauer transport process. Support for this viewpoint comes from previous calculations invoking conformal symmetry in the near-horizon region, which give radiation rates that are identical to those of a single 1D quantum channel connected to a thermal reservoir at the Hawking temperature. The Landauer approach shows in a direct way the particle statistics independence of the energy and entropy fluxes of a black hole radiating into vacuum, as well as one near thermal equilibrium with its environment. As an application of the Landauer approach, we show that Hawking radiation gives a net entropy production that is 50% larger than that obtained assuming standard three-dimensional emission into vacuum.Comment: 14 pages, 2 figures, published versio