Wastewater: History and Impact on Society

Since the Covid-19 pandemic, wastewater surveillance has gained popularity and has proved itself to be an useful public health tool. In this paper, I looked at four different methods to filter wastewater: Membrane filtering, Polyethylene Glycol, Skim Milk Flocculation, and Magnetic Bead filtering. Membrane filtering’s main goal is to take a large sample and reduce it to a small sample for molecular analysis. Polyethylene Glycol helps the Covid-19 RNA bind to it. With the use of centrifuge the RNA is spun down to a pellet used for molecular analysis. Skim Milk Flocculation uses skimmed milk as the flocculation polymer and gets Covid-19 RNA to bind to it. Then it also gets spun into a pellet for molecular analysis. Magnetic bead filtering creates a magnetic field within the sample and gets the Covid-19 RNA to bind to the beads. Later the RNA is released from the beads for molecular analysis. Each of these methods has disadvantages and advantages to them, however membrane filtering leaves an unbiased sample and can be used for downstream testing. The technology is also advancing with rapid sensors that would cut out time involved in this process

The MSW and the MPA: Confrontation of Two Professions in Public Welfare

From its inception in the 1930\u27s, public welfare has emerged as a major service industry commanding a sizeable portion of the public tax dollar. Concomitant with growth and size and expenditure has come the federalization of the program. In the face of a series of changes--the growth of welfare, added administrative complexity, and the emergence of new economic function--public welfare\u27s identification with social work was weakened. Correspondingly, and perhaps logically, its identification with public administration has been strengthened. In this paper, there is exploration of the changes leading to the confrontation between social work and public administration within public welfare. A comparative analysis of this confrontation is undertaken, and the methods of conflict resolution between the professions are explored. The principal purpose of the paper, however, is to draw attention to the argument, stimulate further debate about this course of events, and encourage some public policy direction in public welfare

The Locus Ceruleus in PTSD

NO ABSTRACT: This is 750 word encyclopedia entr

Growth and enzyme activity of penicillium roqueforti

This archival publication may not reflect current scientific knowledge or recommendations

Accounting for the costs and benefits of human resource development programs: An interdisciplinary approach

An interdisciplinary approach to measuring the costs and social and financial benefits of human resource development is presented. The approach includes three distinct components: a cost model, an effectiveness model, and a cost-benefit comparison. The diverse interdisciplinary measures of development programs are presented. A critical discussion of the role of human resource accounting and other accounting measures in evaluation is included. Examples from two organizations illustrate the measurement approach. An examination of program evaluation criteria highlights the effect of cost-benefit analyses on the human resource development movement.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/21886/1/0000293.pd

Game Theoretical Interactions of Moving Agents

Game theory has been one of the most successful quantitative concepts to describe social interactions, their strategical aspects, and outcomes. Among the payoff matrix quantifying the result of a social interaction, the interaction conditions have been varied, such as the number of repeated interactions, the number of interaction partners, the possibility to punish defective behavior etc. While an extension to spatial interactions has been considered early on such as in the "game of life", recent studies have focussed on effects of the structure of social interaction networks. However, the possibility of individuals to move and, thereby, evade areas with a high level of defection, and to seek areas with a high level of cooperation, has not been fully explored so far. This contribution presents a model combining game theoretical interactions with success-driven motion in space, and studies the consequences that this may have for the degree of cooperation and the spatio-temporal dynamics in the population. It is demonstrated that the combination of game theoretical interactions with motion gives rise to many self-organized behavioral patterns on an aggregate level, which can explain a variety of empirically observed social behaviors

A parabolic approach to the control of opinion spreading

We analyze the problem of controlling to consensus a nonlinear system modeling opinion spreading. We derive explicit exponential estimates on the cost of approximately controlling these systems to consensus, as a function of the number of agents N and the control time-horizon T. Our strategy makes use of known results on the controllability of spatially discretized semilinear parabolic equations. Both systems can be linked through time-rescalin

The microbiology of cheese-like flavors in unsalted butter

This archival publication may not reflect current scientific knowledge or recommendations