Use of a large jet transport as an inflight dynamic simulator

Modified jet transport used as inflight dynamic simulator for supersonic transport low speed approach and landing characteristic

Property Tax Collection Procedure in Washington

Because of the severity of the situation resulting from delayed and partial property tax collections in recent years, various tax commissions, federal agencies, civic leagues, tax associations, and private bureaus instituted investigations seeking a remedy. One of the conclusions generally reached by investigators of property tax delinquency throughout the country has been that much of tax arrears can be attributed to the methods that are ordinarily employed in collection. Specifically the phases of property tax collection methods which have been impugned as being conducive to delinquency are: a legal procedure neither carefully devised with the purpose of requiring prompt payment nor designed to meet the strain placed upon it by the economic depression; elective officials whose lack of competence and whose subservience to political influences serve to make them tax receivers instead of tax collectors; lack of efficient, modern methods of billing taxpayers and sending tax notices, of recording receipts, and handling office routine; failure to adjust the tax calendar so that the time and manner of payment is best suited to the convenience of taxpayers and the needs of government; the delay involved in the long period of time elapsing between assessment of property, the date of delinquency, and the enforcement of collection; the ineffectualness of penalties to promote prompt tax payments; the difficulty of obtaining a valid title to tax-reverted property; and the mistaken legislative and administrative leniency to delinquent taxpayers which often has weakened the effectiveness of enforcement. The following discussion of legal and administrative machinery for property tax collection in Washington should be viewed in the light of these criticisms, although all of them are not pertinent in this state

Journalistic Codes of Ethics: A Proposed Standard for Juries in Libel Trials

The standard of judgment for determining fault in tort law as applied to libel is ambiguous. Juries are allowed to rule against media defendants by using a standard that does not consider professional journalistic practice. I argue that the determination of professional fault is beyond the understanding of a lay jury due to the unique professional practice of journalists. Juries find it far easier to empathize with private party plaintiffs than with media defendants. I abstract criteria from standards of conduct for the journalism profession and determine what the reasonable journalist might do in general practice. In conclusion, I offer suggestions for the implementation of these criteria as a solution to the current legal dilemma

The Determination of Property Taxes in Washington

Probably no phase of state and local government more immediately concerns the average citizen than the administration of taxes. In order that interested persons may become acquainted with the practical and complex problems involved, this discussion describes the machinery by which property is assessed for taxation, assessed values are equalized, and levies are made against those valuations. Better understanding may lead to legislative and administrative action that will result in more efficient and equitable operation of the property tax, which is still the largest single-source of tax revenue in this state

Evaluating the impact of binary parameter uncertainty on stellar population properties

Binary stars have been shown to have a substantial impact on the integrated light of stellar populations, particularly at low metallicity and early ages - conditions prevalent in the distant Universe. But the fraction of stars in stellar multiples as a function of mass, their likely initial periods and distribution of mass ratios are all known empirically from observations only in the local Universe. Each has associated uncertainties. We explore the impact of these uncertainties in binary parameters on the properties of integrated stellar populations, considering which properties and timescales are most susceptible to uncertainty introduced by binary fractions and whether observations of the integrated light might be sufficient to determine binary parameters. We conclude that the effects of uncertainty in the empirical binary parameter distributions are likely smaller than those introduced by metallicity and stellar population age uncertainties for observational data. We identify emission in the He II 1640Å emission line and continuum colour in the ultraviolet-optical as potential indicators of a high mass binary presence, although poorly constrained metallicity, dust extinction and degeneracies in plausible star formation history are likely to swamp any measurable signal

Immunoregulatory functions for murine intraepithelial lymphocytes: gamma/delta T cell receptor-positive (TCR+) T cells abrogate oral tolerance, while alpha/beta TCR+ T cells provide B cell help.

Past work has shown that a subset of effector T cells with unique characteristics could abrogate hapten- or antigen-induced tolerance, and the reconstitution of this immune response has been termed contrasuppression. We have studied contrasuppression in a model of oral tolerance (OT) in which adoptively transferred antigen-specific T contrasuppressor (Tcs) cells reverse OT and result in antibody responses to the eliciting antigen. In the present study, we show that murine intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) from mice orally immunized with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) contain T cells that exhibit Tcs cell activity. This effect was mediated by CD3+ gamma/delta T cell receptor-positive (TCR+), but not alpha/beta TCR+ T cells, and gamma/delta TCR+ Tcs cells were associated with both the CD4-,CD8+ and CD4-,CD8- (double-negative) IEL fractions. The CD4-,CD8+ gamma/delta TCR+ IELs were further separated into Vicia villosa-adherent and -nonadherent fractions. Adoptive transfer of V. villosa-adherent gamma/delta TCR+ T cells to mice with OT to SRBC resulted in splenic IgA, IgM, and IgG subclass anti-SRBC responses, while V. villosa-nonadherent gamma/delta TCR+ T cells were without activity. The gamma/delta TCR+ IELs did not support in vitro antibody responses in B cell cultures, while alpha/beta TCR+ IELs were effective T helper cells. Further, cytokine production by the gamma/delta TCR+ IELs was examined, and the gamma/delta TCR+ V. villosa-adherent fraction, which possessed contrasuppressor function, contained low levels of IL-5 mRNA and small numbers of IL-5-producing cells when compared with alpha/beta TCR+ IELs and V. villosa-nonadherent gamma/delta TCR+ IELs. Our results now show that mouse IELs contain two distinct types of T cells that function in the immune response, e.g., alpha/beta TCR+ T cells that produce IL-5 and function as helper cells, and gamma/delta TCR+ T cells that restore antibody responses in mice that had been orally tolerized with antigen

Thermophysical and chemical characterization of charring ablative materials Final report

Thermophysical and chemical properties of charring ablative material

Stratospheric measurement requirements and satellite-borne remote sensing capabilities

The capabilities of specific NASA remote sensing systems to provide appropriate measurements of stratospheric parameters for potential user needs were assessed. This was used to evaluate the capabilities of the remote sensing systems to perform global monitoring of the stratosphere. The following conclusions were reached: (1) The performance of current remote stratospheric sensors, in some cases, compares quite well with identified measurement requirements. Their ability to measure other species has not been demonstrated. (2) None of the current, in-situ methods have the capability to satisfy the requirements for global monitoring and the temporal constraints derived from the users needs portion of the study. (3) Existing, non-remote techniques will continue to play an important role in stratospheric investigations for both corroboration of remotely collected data and in the evolutionary development of future remote sensors