Etude de la pollution des eaux des oueds Seybouse et Mellah (Région de l'Est Algérien)

L'objet de cette étude est d'expérimenter un protocole de travail base sur des prélèvements de surface et de puits de particuliers en vue d'établir la qualité des eaux et d'assoir des bases de données relatives à la pollution hydrique en Algérie. Les résultats des analyses chimiques montrent pour les deux oueds un facies chimique dominant et caractérise par le chlorure sulfate sodique, en relation avec des rejets industriels, domestiques et le lessivage des formations géologiques. L'établissement du diagramme ammonium-nitrate montre que le rapport NH4+/NO3- diminue d'amont en aval et s'explique par la transformation de l'ammonium en azote au cours de la période d'observation s'étalant de janvier à juin 2007. Des teneurs excessives en PO43- dans l'oued Mellah ont été observées comparativement à l'oued Seybouse, ce qui conduit à une eutrophisation. Les variations de la DB05 et de la DCO évoluent suivant des valeurs acceptables dans les deux oueds. Les teneurs excessives en chlorure (>600 mg/l) dans l'oued Mellah s'expliquent par les rejets domestiques, industriels et au lessivage des formations sédimentaires évaporitiques. La simulation montre que le NH3 et l'oxygène sont en sous-saturation dans les eaux surtout au niveau de l'oued Mellah témoignant ainsi d’une eutrophisation avancéeMots clés: Oued Seybouse - Oued Mellah - Qualité des eaux - Pollution, Eau de surface - Puits – simulation The purpose of this study is to test a working protocol based on sampling from surface and belonging to individual wells to establish water quality and to set a database on the extent of water pollution in Algeria. Chemical analysis results indicate that the dominant chemical compounds are characterized by sodium and chloride-sulfate as a result of domestic and industrial discharges, and geological formations leaching. The construction of ammonium-nitrate diagram shows that the ratio NH4+/NO3-decreases from upstream to downstream and is explained by the conversion of ammonium into nitrogen during the observation period ranging from January to June 2007. Excessive levels of PO43- in the Mellah river were observed compared to the Seybouse, which leads to eutrophication. Changes in DBO5 and DCO evolve following acceptable levels in both rivers. Excessive chloride concentrations (>600 mg/l) in the Mellah river may be explained by domestic waste, industrial and evaporitic formations leaching. The simulation shows that NH3 and oxygen are under-saturation in the water especially in the Mellah river reflecting an advanced eutrophication.Keywords: Seybouse river- Mellah river- Water quality- Pollution- Surface water- Water wells- Simulation.   

Comparative Study of Online Open Circuit Voltage Estimation Techniques for State of Charge Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Online estimation techniques are extensively used to determine the parameters of various uncertain dynamic systems. In this paper, online estimation of the open-circuit voltage (OCV) of lithium-ion batteries is proposed by two different adaptive filtering methods (i.e., recursive least square, RLS, and least mean square, LMS), along with an adaptive observer. The proposed techniques use the battery’s terminal voltage and current to estimate the OCV, which is correlated to the state of charge (SOC). Experimental results highlight the effectiveness of the proposed methods in online estimation at different charge/discharge conditions and temperatures. The comparative study illustrates the advantages and limitations of each online estimation method

Operating cost comparison of a single-stack and a multi-stack hybrid fuel cell vehicle through an online hierarchical strategy

One of the recently suggested solutions for enhancing the fuel economy and lifetime in a fuel cell (FC) hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is the use of a multi-stack (MS) structure for the FC system. However, to fully realize the potential of this structure, the design of an appropriate energy management strategy (EMS) is necessary. This paper aims to compare the operating cost, including hydrogen consumption and degradation of the FC, between a single-stack (SS) and an MSFC-HEV. To do so, a hierarchical EMS, composed of two layers, is devised for the MS system. In the first layer, a rule-based strategy determines how many FCs should be ON according to the requested power, battery state of charge (SOC), and FCs degradations. In the second layer, an equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) is developed to determine the output power of each activated FC according to the cost function and constraints. Regarding the SS structure, ECMS is employed for power distribution. The purpose of this strategy is to decrease fuel consumption and FC system degradation costs in both structures. The performance of the ECMS is compared with dynamic programming (DP) as a global optimization strategy for validation purposes. The obtained results using experimental data show that an FC-HEV with an MS structure reaches less hydrogen and degradation costs than an SS one

Nonlinear control of single-phase shunt active power filter. Theoretical analysis of closed-loop performances.

The problem of controlling single-phase shunt active power filter is addressed in presence of nonlinear loads. The control objective is twofold: (i) compensation of harmonic and reactive currents absorbed by the nonlinear load; (ii) regulation of the inverter output capacitor voltage. A two-loop cascade control strategy is developed that includes an inner-loop designed, using the backstepping technique, to cope with the compensation issue and an outer-loop designed to regulate the capacitor voltage. The controller performances are formally analysed, using the averaging theory. The analysis results are illustrated by simulation.Preprin

Transport Phenomena and Structuring in Shear Flow of Suspensions near Solid Walls

In this paper we apply the lattice-Boltzmann method and an extension to particle suspensions as introduced by Ladd et al. to study transport phenomena and structuring effects of particles suspended in a fluid near sheared solid walls. We find that a particle free region arises near walls, which has a width depending on the shear rate and the particle concentration. The wall causes the formation of parallel particle layers at low concentrations, where the number of particles per layer decreases with increasing distance to the wall.Comment: 14 pages, 14 figure

Adaptive parameter identification of a fuel cell system for health-conscious energy management applications

Since a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell (FC) has time-varying characteristics, its online characteristics estimation (voltage, power, internal resistance, etc.) is becoming a key step in designing an energy management strategy (EMS) for hybrid FC vehicles. In this respect, this paper proposes a new method based on Lyapunov adaptation law to estimate the linear and nonlinear parameters of a renowned PEMFC model in the literature. Unlike most of similar estimators, the suggested approach determines the maximum current, which is a nonlinear parameter, online while guaranteeing the system closed-loop stability. This parameter is normally assumed to be constant while it changes through time owing to degradation and operating conditions variation. This alteration makes the model imprecise while extracting some important characteristics, such as maximum power and polarization curve. Therefore, it needs to be regularly updated along with other parameters. To demonstrate the capability of the suggested method, a detailed comparison is provided with the well-known extended Kalman filter (EKF) as an attested nonlinear estimator. Moreover, to highlight the effectiveness of the nonlinearity consideration, a comparison with KF is performed where the nonlinear parameter is considered constant. The performed experiments on a 500-W PEMFC show that the proposed method can be over twice as accurate as EKF and KF concerning the estimation of maximum power and current while its runtime is nearly half of them

The KATRIN Pre-Spectrometer at reduced Filter Energy

The KArlsruhe TRItium Neutrino experiment, KATRIN, will determine the mass of the electron neutrino with a sensitivity of 0.2 eV (90% C.L.) via a measurement of the beta-spectrum of gaseous tritium near its endpoint of E_0 =18.57 keV. An ultra-low background of about b = 10 mHz is among the requirements to reach this sensitivity. In the KATRIN main beam-line two spectrometers of MAC-E filter type are used in a tandem configuration. This setup, however, produces a Penning trap which could lead to increased background. We have performed test measurements showing that the filter energy of the pre-spectrometer can be reduced by several keV in order to diminish this trap. These measurements were analyzed with the help of a complex computer simulation, modeling multiple electron reflections both from the detector and the photoelectric electron source used in our test setup.Comment: 22 pages, 12 figure

Adaptive control of four-quadrant DC-DC converters in both discontinuous and continuous conduction modes

The inherently different dynamics of a DC-DC converter while operating in both continuous conduction mode (CCM) and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) necessitate an advanced controller to control the inductor current. A conventional PI controller cannot be used across both modes since it does not guarantee a smooth transition between both modes. Furthermore, in time-varying input-output voltage applications of the four-quadrant converter such as in battery charging applications, the location of the boundary between the CCM and the DCM changes dynamically, creating an uncertainty. Therefore, a robust controller is required to accurately track the inductor current in the presence of uncertainties. Thus, an adaptive controller is proposed in this work, which is based on the general inverse model of the four-quadrant converter in both modes. Moreover, gain scheduling is used to switch the parameters of the controller as the converter transits between the DCM and the CCM. The adaptability and effectiveness of the controller in ensuring a smooth transition is validated by numerical simulations conducted on various converter topologies. Experimental results are also presented for a buck converter