Involvement of beta-3-Adrenergic Gene Polymorphism in Insulin Resistance in Iraqi Type 2 Diabetic Patients

A tryptophan to arginine substitution (TGG?CGG) in codon 64 (Trp 64 Arg) of ?3-adrenergic receptor is thought to be important for binding of noradrenaline and G proteins with ?3-adrenergic receptor in adipose cells. ?3-adrenergic receptor polymorphism may lead to a decrease in thermogenesis and lipolysis in adipose tissue. Therefore, an impairment of ?3-adrenergic receptor function may lead to obesity and insulin resistance. The present study was designed to estimate prevalence and association of ?3-adrenergic receptor gene T?C (Trp 64 Arg) SNP in insulin resistance type 2 diabetic patients in Iraq. To achieve this aim, 103 of type 2 diabetic patients and 57 apparently healthy control group were subjected to the study. The results of present study show that the heterozygous genotype (TC) of  ?3-adrenergic receptor gene T?C (Trp 64 Arg) SNP was significantly increased (OR=4.12, CI 95% 1.14-15.86, P < 0.05) the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus four folds with respect to those of the wild genotype (TT). Also, the results revealed that significant increase (P < 0.05) in fasting insulin, HOMA, BMI and significant decrease (P < 0.05) in HDL-cholesterol of heterozygous genotype (TC) when compared with wild genotype (TT). Also, there are no significant differences in other clinical characteristics between wild genotype (TT) and heterozygous genotype (TC). The study concluded that ?3-adrenergic receptor gene T?C (Trp 64 Arg) SNP are associated and involved in the pathogenesis of insulin resistant type 2 diabetes mellitus. Keyword: Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin resistance, Obesity, ?3-adrenergic receptor,  Trp 64 Ar

Association of Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 Gene Polymorphism with Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Iraqi Population

A glycine to arginine substitution (GGG?AGG substitutions) in codon 972   (Gly 972 Arg) is the common polymorphism of the IRS-1 gene. This polymorphism interfere with the interaction between IRS-1 and PI3-kinase. It participate in the development of insulin resistance and diabetes by impairing the ability of insulin to activate the  IRS-1/PI3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway. The present study was designed to evaluate the association of insulin receptor substrate-1 gene G?A (Gly 972 Arg) polymorphism with insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus in Iraqi population. To achieve this aim, 103 of type 2 diabetic patients and 57 apparently healthy control group were subjected to the study. The results of present study show that the heterozygous genotype (GA) of insulin receptor substrate-1 gene G?A (Gly 972 Arg) SNP was significantly increased (OR=9.14, CI 95% 1.13-75.53, P < 0.05) the risk of type 2 DM by nine folds with respect to those of wild genotype (GG). The allele frequencies of G and A were 92.93% and 7.07% for the insulin resistant type 2 diabetic patients group and 99.04% and 0.96% for the control group respectively. Also, the results revealed that no significant differences in clinical characteristics between wild genotype (GG) and heterozygous genotype (GA). The study concluded that insulin receptor substrate-1 gene G?A (Gly 972 Arg) SNP are associated and involved in the pathogenesis of  insulin resistant type 2 diabetes mellitus. Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin resistance, IRS-1, Gly 972 Ar

Insertion Detection System Employing Neural Network MLP and Detection Trees Using Different Techniques

by addressing intruder attacks, network security experts work to maintain services available at all times. The Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is one of the available mechanisms for detecting and classifying any abnormal behavior. As a result, the IDS must always be up to date with the most recent intruder attack signatures to maintain the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the services. This paper shows how the NSL-KDD dataset may be used to test and evaluate various Machine Learning techniques. It focuses mostly on the NLS-KDD pre-processing step to create an acceptable and balanced experimental data set to improve accuracy and minimize false positives. For this study, the approaches J48 and MLP were employed. The Decision Trees classifier has been demonstrated to have the highest accuracy rate for detecting and categorizing all NSL-KDD dataset attacks

DISSOLUTION OF BENZENE IN THE SATURATED POROUS MEDIA

The aim of the present research is to study the dissolution and transport process of benzene as a light nonaqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) in saturated porous media. Unidirectional flow at water velocities ranged from 0.90 to 3.60 cm/hr was adopted to study this process in a three dimensional saturated sand tank (100 cm×40 cm×35 cm). This tank represents a laboratory-scale aquifer. The aquifer was constructed by packing homogeneous sand in the rectangular tank. The experimental results were used to characterize the dissolution behavior of an entrapped nonaqueous phase benzene source in a three dimensional aquifer model. The time invariant average mass transfer coefficient was determined at each interstitial velocity, the values of this coefficient were ranged from 0.016 to 0.061 cm/hr. It was increased proportionally with velocity toward a limiting value. The results show that the concentration of the LNAPL reduces as the distance increased in x and/or z direction from the source of pollution. In most cases the benzene concentration declines with velocity more than 2.34 cm/hr at downstream of the LNAPL pool

How copper can impact pig growth : comparing the effect of copper sulfate and monovalent copper oxide on oxidative status, inflammation, gene abundance, and microbial modulation as potential mechanisms of action

The beneficial effect of elevated concentrations of copper (Cu) on growth performance of pigs has been already demonstrated; however, their mechanism of action is not fully discovered. The objective of the present experiment was to investigate the effects of including Cu from copper sulfate (CuSO) or monovalent copper oxide (CuO) in the diet of growing pigs on oxidative stress, inflammation, gene abundance, and microbial modulation. We used 120 pigs with initial body weight (BW) of 11.5 ± 0.98 kg in 2 blocks of 60 pigs, 3 dietary treatments, 5 pigs per pen, and 4 replicate pens per treatment within each block for a total of 8 pens per treatment. Dietary treatments included the negative control (NC) diet containing 20 mg Cu/kg and 2 diets in which 250 mg Cu/kg from CuSO or CuO was added to the NC. On day 28, serum samples were collected from one pig per pen and this pig was then euthanized to obtain liver samples for the analysis of oxidative stress markers (Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and malondialdehyde, MDA). Serum samples were analyzed for cytokines. Jejunum tissue and colon content were collected and used for transcriptomic analyses and microbial characterization, respectively. Results indicated that there were greater (P < 0.05) MDA levels in the liver of pigs fed the diet with 250 mg/kg CuSO than in pigs fed the other diets. The serum concentration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha was greater (P < 0.05) in pigs fed diets containing CuSO compared with pigs fed the NC diet or the diet with 250 mg Cu/kg from CuO. Pigs fed diets containing CuSO or CuO had a greater (P < 0.05) abundance of genes related to the intestinal barrier function and nutrient transport, but a lower (P < 0.05) abundance of pro-inflammatory genes compared with pigs fed the NC diet. Supplementing diets with CuSO or CuO also increased (P < 0.05) the abundance of Lachnospiraceae and Peptostreptococcaceae families and reduced (P < 0.05) the abundance of the Rikenellaceae family, Campylobacter, and Streptococcus genera in the colon of pigs. In conclusion, adding 250 mg/kg of Cu from CuSO or CuO regulates genes abundance in charge of the immune system and growth, and promotes changes in the intestinal microbiota; however, CuO induces less systemic oxidation and inflammation compared with CuSO. Elevated concentrations of copper promote pig growth performance by modulating cytokines and intestinal microbes

Human Perivascular Stem Cells Show Enhanced Osteogenesis and Vasculogenesis with Nel-Like Molecule I Protein

An ideal mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) source for bone tissue engineering has yet to be identified. Such an MSC population would be easily harvested in abundance, with minimal morbidity and with high purity. Our laboratories have identified perivascular stem cells (PSCs) as a candidate cell source. PSCs are readily isolatable through fluorescent-activated cell sorting from adipose tissue and have been previously shown to be indistinguishable from MSCs in the phenotype and differentiation potential. PSCs consist of two distinct cell populations: (1) pericytes (CD146+, CD34−, and CD45−), which surround capillaries and microvessels, and (2) adventitial cells (CD146−, CD34+, and CD45−), found within the tunica adventitia of large arteries and veins. We previously demonstrated the osteogenic potential of pericytes by examining pericytes derived from the human fetal pancreas, and illustrated their in vivo trophic and angiogenic effects. In the present study, we used an intramuscular ectopic bone model to develop the translational potential of our original findings using PSCs (as a combination of pericytes and adventitial cells) from human white adipose tissue. We evaluated human PSC (hPSC)-mediated bone formation and vascularization in vivo. We also examined the effects of hPSCs when combined with the novel craniosynostosis-associated protein, Nel-like molecule I (NELL-1). Implants consisting of the demineralized bone matrix putty combined with NELL-1 (3 μg/μL), hPSC (2.5×10(5) cells), or hPSC+NELL-1, were inserted in the bicep femoris of SCID mice. Bone growth was evaluated using microcomputed tomography, histology, and immunohistochemistry over 4 weeks. Results demonstrated the osteogenic potential of hPSCs and the additive effect of hPSC+NELL-1 on bone formation and vasculogenesis. Comparable osteogenesis was observed with NELL-1 as compared to the more commonly used bone morphogenetic protein-2. Next, hPSCs induced greater implant vascularization than the unsorted stromal vascular fraction from patient-matched samples. Finally, we observed an additive effect on implant vascularization with hPSC+NELL-1 by histomorphometry and immunohistochemistry, accompanied by in vitro elaboration of vasculogenic growth factors. These findings hold significant implications for the cell/protein combination therapy hPSC+NELL-1 in the development of strategies for vascularized bone regeneration

Brief Review of Models of Ectopic Bone Formation

Ectopic bone formation is a unique biologic entity?distinct from other areas of skeletal biology. Animal research models of ectopic bone formation most often employ rodent models and have unique advantages over orthotopic (bone) environments, including a relative lack of bone cytokine stimulation and cell-to-cell interaction with endogenous (host) bone-forming cells. This allows for relatively controlled in vivo experimental bone formation. A wide variety of ectopic locations have been used for experimentation, including subcutaneous, intramuscular, and kidney capsule transplantation. The method, benefits and detractions of each method are summarized in the following review. Briefly, subcutaneous implantation is the simplest method. However, the most pertinent concern is the relative paucity of bone formation in comparison to other models. Intramuscular implantation is also widely used and relatively simple, however intramuscular implants are exposed to skeletal muscle satellite progenitor cells. Thus, distinguishing host from donor osteogenesis becomes challenging without cell-tracking studies. The kidney capsule (perirenal or renal capsule) method is less widely used and more technically challenging. It allows for supraphysiologic blood and nutrient resource, promoting robust bone growth. In summary, ectopic bone models are extremely useful in the evaluation of bone-forming stem cells, new osteoinductive biomaterials, and growth factors; an appropriate choice of model, however, will greatly increase experimental success.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/98476/1/scd%2E2011%2E0517.pd

Alcoholic beverages and risk of renal cell cancer

Using a mailed questionnaire, we investigated the risk of renal cell cancer in relation to different types of alcoholic beverages, and to total ethanol in a large population-based case–control study among Swedish adults, including 855 cases and 1204 controls. Compared to non-drinkers, a total ethanol intake of >620 g month−1 was significantly related to a decreased risk of renal cell cancer (odds ratio (OR) 0.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.4–0.9; P-value for trend=0.03). The risk decreased 30–40% with drinking more than two glasses per week of red wine (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.4–0.9), white wine (OR 0.7, 95% CI 0.4–1.0), or strong beer (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.4–1.0); there was a clear linear trend of decreasing risk with increasing consumption of these beverages (P-values for trends <0.05)

Measurement of global polarization of {\Lambda} hyperons in few-GeV heavy-ion collisions

The global polarization of {\Lambda} hyperons along the total orbital angular momentum of a relativistic heavy-ion collision is presented based on the high statistics data samples collected in Au+Au collisions at \sqrt{s_{NN}} = 2.4 GeV and Ag+Ag at 2.55 GeV with the High-Acceptance Di-Electron Spectrometer (HADES) at GSI, Darmstadt. This is the first measurement below the strangeness production threshold in nucleon-nucleon collisions. Results are reported as a function of the collision centrality as well as a function of the hyperon transverse momentum (p_T) and rapidity (y_{CM}) for the range of centrality 0--40%. We observe a strong centrality dependence of the polarization with an increasing signal towards peripheral collisions. For mid-central (20--40%) collisions the polarization magnitudes are (%) = 6.0 \pm 1.3 (stat.) \pm 2.0 (syst.) for Au+Au and (%) = 4.6 \pm 0.4 (stat.) \pm 0.5 (syst.) for Ag+Ag, which are the largest values observed so far. This observation thus provides a continuation of the increasing trend previously observed by STAR and contrasts expectations from recent theoretical calculations predicting a maximum in the region of collision energies about 3 GeV. The observed polarization is of a similar magnitude as predicted by 3D fluid dynamics and the UrQMD plus thermal vorticity model and significantly above results from the AMPT model.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figure

Obesity and renal cell cancer – a quantitative review

Obesity has been associated with an increased risk of renal cell cancer among women, while the evidence for men is considered weaker. We conducted a quantitative summary analysis to evaluate the existing evidence that obesity increases the risk of renal cell cancer both among men and women. We identified all studies examining body weight in relation to kidney cancer, available in MEDLINE from 1966 to 1998. The quantitative summary analysis was limited to studies assessing obesity as body mass index (BMI, kg m−2), or equivalent. The risk estimates and the confidence intervals were extracted from the individual studies, and a mixed effect weighted regression model was used. We identified 22 unique studies on each sex, and the quantitative analysis included 14 studies on men and women, respectively. The summary relative risk estimate was 1.07 (95% CI 1.05–1.09) per unit of increase in BMI (corresponding to 3 kg body weight increase for a subject of average height). We found no evidence of effect modification by sex. Our quantitative summary shows that increased BMI is equally strongly associated with an increased risk of renal cell cancer among men and women. © 2001 Cancer Research Campaignhttp://www.bjcancer.co