Fish Diversity in Huchharayanakere, Shikaripura, Shivamogga District, Karnataka, India

Fresh water wetlands are fragile ecosystems, which are fast deterioring and shrinking due to manmade activities. The fish composition of Huchharayanakere of Shikaripura was studied for a period of twelve months from January to December 2015. The icthyo-faunal diversity of this pond confirmed the occurrence of 13 species of fishes belonging to 5 families. The family Cyprinidae represented by 9 species. Families Anabantidae, Bagridae, Clupeidae and Notopteridae were represented by only a single species. Simultaneously the physico-chemical condition of the water body revealed that water quality is suitable for fish culture. The study of fish fauna of an aquatic body is useful for planning of fisheries development. The pond needs proper management and utilization of this fish wealth and sustainable steps to monitor and conserve the fish health. The present study revealed that Huchharayanakere of Shikaripura harbors wide varieties of fish with economic importance in local and global trade. The study will provide future strategies for development and fish conservation

Phytochemical screening and in vitro antimicrobial activity of Bougainvillea spectabilis flower extracts

Various flower extracts (Chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol and water) of Bougainvillea spectabilis were screened for their phytochemical constituents and also investigated for their antimicrobial activities. Phytochemical screening of flower extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoides, phlobatannins and terpenoids. Steroids, phenol, tannins, cardinolides and volatile oils were absent in all the extracts. All flower extracts of B. spectabilis inhibited the growth of few of the bacterial and fungal strains tested with varied effectiveness. The maximum antibacterial activities were observed in ethanol and water extracts.  The maximum antifungal activities were observed in chloroform and ethanol extracts.  Thus the bioactive natural products in flower extracts of Bougainvillea spectabilis can be used in the development of new pharmaceuticals that address unmet therapeutic use

Botany, chemistry, and pharmaceutical significance of Sida cordifolia: a traditional medicinal plant

Sida cordifolia Linn. belonging to the family, Malvaceae has been widely employed in traditional medications in many parts of the world including India, Brazil, and other Asian and African countries. The plant is extensively used in the Ayurvedic medicine preparation. There are more than 200 plant species within the genus Sida, which are distributed predominantly in the tropical regions. The correct taxonomic identification is a major concern due to the fact that S. cordifolia looks morphologically similar with its related species. It possesses activity against various human ailments, including cancer, asthma, cough, diarrhea, malaria, gonorrhea, tuberculosis, obesity, ulcer, Parkinson’s disease, urinary infections, and many others. The medical importance of this plant is mainly correlated to the occurrence of diverse biologically active phytochemical compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and steroids. The major compounds include β-phenylamines, 2-carboxylated tryptamines, quinazoline, quinoline, indole, ephedrine, vasicinone, 5-3-isoprenyl flavone, 5,7-dihydroxy-3-isoprenyl flavone, and 6-(isoprenyl)- 3-methoxy- 8-C-β-D-glucosyl-kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucosyl[1–4]-α-D-glucoside. The literature survey reveals that most of the pharmacological investigations on S. cordifolia are limited to crude plant extracts and few isolated pure compounds. Therefore, there is a need to evaluate many other unexplored bioactive phytoconstituents with evidences so as to justify the traditional usages of S. cordifolia. Furthermore, detailed studies on the action of mechanisms of these isolated compounds supported by clinical research are necessary for validating their application in contemporary medicines. The aim of the present chapter is to provide a detailed information on the ethnobotanical, phytochemical, and pharmacological aspects of S. cordifolia

Buoyant convective flow of different hybrid nanoliquids in a non-uniformly heated annulus

A sealed annular geometry containing nanoliquids with differently heated boundaries aptly describes the geometrical structure of many important cooling applications. The present study reports the numerical investigation on the effect of axially varying temperature in the form of sinusoidal thermal profiles along the side walls of an annular enclosure containing different hybrid nanoliquids with insulated horizontal boundaries. An implicit FDM based approach is adopted to solve the transient and steady-state model equations and numerical simulations are presented to describe the qualitative flow behavior as well as the quantitative thermal transport rates. The prime objective of the analysis is to enhance the buoyant flow circulation strength as well as the associated thermal dissipation rates and is achieved by identifying a suitable combination of nanoparticle along with a proper choice of geometrical parameters. Numerical predictions revealed the buoyant motion and thermal dissipation rate could be effectively controlled by a proper selection of phase deviation. Further, the appropriate combination of nanoparticles is another crucial parameter in enhancing the thermal transport in the geometry

Evaluation of performance characteristics of nano TiO2 and TiO2-ZnO composite for DSSC applications and electrochemical determination of potassium ferrocyanide using cyclic voltammetry

Nanoparticles of TiO _2 and TiO _2 -ZnO composite (2:1 molar ratio) were synthesized utilizing the sol-gel and solution combustion approaches, respectively. Scanning electron microscopic, energy dispersive x-ray, x-ray diffraction, UV-visible spectroscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis were employed to characterize the synthesized nanoporous TiO _2 and the composite of TiO _2 -ZnO nanoparticles. Fabrication of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) was carried out by incorporating the synthesized nanoporous materials coating on the photoanodes using the doctor blade technique. Nano TiO _2 and the composite of TiO _2 -ZnO were also analyzed using cyclic voltammetry test, and their performance was compared for the electrochemical detection of potassium ferrocyanide. The composite of TiO _2 -ZnO exhibited better electrocatalytic activity in comparison with the pure TiO _2 nanoparticles. The fabricated DSSCs by employing nano TiO _2 particles and TiO _2 -ZnO composite as the semiconductor photoanode materials were compared for photovoltaic performance. The DSSC fabricated with TiO _2 nanoparticles exhibited better photovoltaic performance with an efficiency of 2.22% and a current density of 4.152 mA cm ^−2 than that fabricated with TiO _2 -ZnO composite with an efficiency of 0.0022% and a short circuit current density of 0.014 mA cm ^−2

Optimization of entropy generation and thermal mechanism of MHD hybrid nanoliquid flow in a sinusoidally heated porous cylindrical chamber

The present computational investigation explores the fluid and thermal characteristics along with entropy generation due to buoyancy-driven magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) convective flow of aqueous hybrid nanoliquid filled in a nonuniformly heated porous cylindrical chamber. The fluid motion in the enclosure is modeled by Brinkman - extended Darcy model. The modeled equations are resolved by finite difference approach. The computations are conducted for Rayleigh number (103-105), Hartmann number (0-50), Darcy number (10-5-10-1), different nanoparticle shapes and nanoparticle volume fraction (Ag/MgO: 0-0.05) to understand the characteristic of flow, thermal and irreversibility distribution. With vast numerical simulations, the outcomes reveal that though the buoyancy force is greater, the fluidity cannot be enhanced unless the permeability and magnetic field strength are optimally maintained. As Ra, Ha and Da is varied respectively from 103 to 105, 50 to 0 and 10-5 to 10-1, the fluidity has been enhanced by 99.39%, 83.26% and 99.79%. Among all considered parametric combinations, it has been noticed that the choice of Ha = 0, Ra = 105, Da = 10-1 with proper ratio of nanoparticles enhance the system efficiency. However, minimal entropy generation can be achieved with greater Hartmann and lower Darcy numbers. Furthermore, it has been found that blade shaped nanoparticles lead to increase the performance of thermal system

Thermal effects of nonuniform heating in a nanofluid-filled annulus: Buoyant transport versus entropy generation

The primary challenge in the majority of heat transfer applications, in view of design perspective, is to maximize the thermal transport with the minimum generation of entropy. This paper addresses the numerical investigation of buoyant convection and entropy generation processes of Al2O3–water nanofluid inside a vertical annular configuration having two coaxial cylinders. The vertical cylindrical surfaces are imposed with sinusoidal thermal distribution having different phase deviation and amplitude, while the horizontal surfaces are retained adiabatic. In this analysis, the numerical computations of conservation equations governing the physical process are performed using the time-splitting technique and line overrelaxation methods. Detailed numerical simulations are performed for broad ranges of critical parameters, such as Rayleigh number, phase deviation, amplitude ratio, and nanoparticle volume fraction. From the vast numerical experiments, we systematically identified the suitable parameter regimes at which enhanced thermal transport has been produced with minimum entropy generation. Furthermore, the critical quantities, such as thermal dissipation and entropy generation, could be effectively monitored by a particular selection of phase deviation (¿) and amplitude ratio (¿). It has been identified that these parameters have more influence on thermal transport as well as entropy production as compared to other parameters of the analysis.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Double diffusive convective transport and entropy generation in an annular space filled with alumina-water nanoliquid

Many of the engineering/industrial applications involving the energy transport undergoes entropy generation which is unavoidable and this leads to degradation of system efficiency. Several researchers working in this field are exploring new ways to minimize the entropy generation so that the efficiency of the system could be enhanced. Motivated by these applications, the current article scrutinizes the rate of entropy generation along with thermal and solutal transport resulting from double-diffusive convective phenomenon in a nanoliquid-filled annular enclosure. Along vertical surfaces of the annulus, the uniform temperature and concentration conditions are specified, while the upper and lower boundaries are maintained as insulated and impermeable. The set of non-linear coupled governing equations in vorticity-stream function form supported by related initial and boundary conditions are computed numerically using time-splitting technique. The influence of various controlling parameters namely the buoyancy ratio (-5 <= N <= 5), Lewis number (0.5 <= Le <= 2), aspect ratio (0.5 <= Ar <= 2) and nanoparticle volume fraction (0 <= phi <= 0.05) on fluid movement, temperature, concentration and entropy production are scrutinized and variation in thermal and solutal dissipation rates, entropy production and Bejan number are graphically illustrated and are discussed with physical interpretation. Through the vast range of computational experiments, it has been found that the quantity of generated entropy in an enclosure is greater during aided flow compared tot hat of opposing case. Further, it has also been found that higher thermal and solutal performance rates with minimal loss of system energy (entropy generation) could be achieved with a shallow annulus

Double diffusive convective transport and entropy generation in an annular space filled with alumina-water nanoliquid

Many of the engineering/industrial applications involving the energy transport undergoes entropy generation which is unavoidable and this leads to degradation of system efficiency. Several researchers working in this field are exploring new ways to minimize the entropy generation so that the efficiency of the system could be enhanced. Motivated by these applications, the current article scrutinizes the rate of entropy generation along with thermal and solutal transport resulting from double-diffusive convective phenomenon in a nanoliquid-filled annular enclosure. Along vertical surfaces of the annulus, the uniform temperature and concentration conditions are specified, while the upper and lower boundaries are maintained as insulated and impermeable. The set of non-linear coupled governing equations in vorticity-stream function form supported by related initial and boundary conditions are computed numerically using time-splitting technique. The influence of various controlling parameters namely the buoyancy ratio ($$-5 \le N \le 5$$), Lewis number ($$0.5\le {Le} \le 2$$), aspect ratio ($$0.5\le {Ar} \le 2$$) and nanoparticle volume fraction ($$0\le \phi \le 0.05$$) on fluid movement, temperature, concentration and entropy production are scrutinized and variation in thermal and solutal dissipation rates, entropy production and Bejan number are graphically illustrated and are discussed with physical interpretation. Through the vast range of computational experiments, it has been found that the quantity of generated entropy in an enclosure is greater during aided flow compared to that of opposing case. Further, it has also been found that higher thermal and solutal performance rates with minimal loss of system energy (entropy generation) could be achieved with a shallow annulus

4-Nitro-2-phenoxyaniline

In the title compound, C12H10N2O3, the oxygen atom bridging the two aromatic rings is in a synperiplanar (+sp) conformation. The dihedral angle between the aromatic rings is 71.40 (12)°. In the crystal, molecules are linked by intermolecular N—H...O hydrogen bonds