184 research outputs found
Status embrionΓ³w ludzkich na tle zdolnoΕci patentowej wynalazkΓ³w biotechnologicznych
This article presents an overview of the issues surrounding the patenting of inventions concerning the use of the human body, the status of the human embryo and the admissibility of patenting human embryos. In his analysis, the author refers to the provisions of directive 98/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council from the 6th July 1998 on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions, which is the main European Union legal act on patenting biological material. Issues discussed in this article refer to article 5 of the above-mentioned directive, according to which the human body, at the various stages of its formation and development, cannot constitute a patentableinvention.This article presents an overview of the issues surrounding the patenting of inventions concerning the use of the human body, the status of the human embryo and the admissibility of patenting human embryos. In his analysis, the author refers to the provisions of directive 98/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council from the 6th July 1998 on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions, which is the main European Union legal act on patenting biological material. Issues discussed in this article refer to article 5 of the above-mentioned directive, according to which the human body, at the various stages of its formation and development, cannot constitute a patentableinvention
Protein dynamics at slow timescales in engineered Γ-lactamases does not limit evolvability
Understanding the underlying mechanisms in the evolution of new protein functions is key to better directing enzyme engineering efforts. Intragenic epistasis (the non-additive interaction of mutations affecting function) is a key feature of protein evolution. For example, in TEM-1 Γ-lactamase, the mutations E104K and G238S show positive epistasis in that their combination show a greater than expected increase in antibiotic resistance1. Here, we aim to understand the impact of protein dynamics at slow timescales on epistasis. Large conformational rearrangements associated with ligand-binding, turnover of substrate or allostery occur at this timescale2. The readily evolvable antibiotic-resistant TEM-1 Γ-lactamase and two of its variants that are more dynamic at slow timescales serve as models for this study. Our models show similar catalytic activity and substrate recognition, thermal stability, as well as conserved motions in fast (ps-ns) and intermediate (ns-ms) timescales but different motions at slow timescales (ms-ms)123.
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Educational profession-oriented propaedeutic Russian language course as a basis of coming of international students of pre-university training stage into the educational medium of the higher medical institution
Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ - ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ (ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΠΌΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄) ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΎΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ° Π½Π° Π·Π°Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΠ»Ρ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΡ
Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ·ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ·Π°. ΠΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°, ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅. ΠΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΡ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ²- ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎ- ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ·Π°. Π ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ: ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. Π ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡ, ΠΊΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΡ. ΠΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ° Π²Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ Π² ΠΌΠΈΡ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ, Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π΅Ρ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±Π°Π·Ρ. ΠΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ: ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ° Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΡΡΡ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ Π²ΠΎΠΉΡΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°.The aim of the research is to consider some ways and methods (frame approach) of forming lingual- cultural medical competence of international students of pre-University training stage at the Russian Language classes in accordance with the specifics of their future learning in Russian-speaking medium of higher medical institution. Relevance of the study lies in the fact that educational propaedeutic course of the Russian Language, focused on training foreign students the language of medical science, is the most important and necessary condition for their studying in the medical university. Training is based on the usage of general didactic and methodical principles of elementary level of teaching Russian the future medical students, which promoting further learning and mastering the educational-professional knowledge in the conditions of Russian speaking environment of higher medical institution. The author has used the following methods: theoretical and practical analysis of scientific literature on methods of teaching foreign language and Russian as a foreign language, audio-visual monitoring, interviews with foreign students, experimental teaching. Results. When learning Russian the international students get knowledge, enlarge their erudition, the outlook. International students of pre-University training stage come into the world of the Language of medical science, becoming acquainted with the elements of its linguistic, communicative and cultural base. Conclusion. The propaedeutic course of Russian lays foundations of knowledge of specifics of learning medicine in Russian, which will help international students of pre-university training stage to be admitted to the educational environment of medical University after the first year of studying
Reichley v. PA Dept Agriculture
USDC for the Middle District of Pennsylvani
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