1,387 research outputs found
Thermodynamics of a classical ideal gas at arbitrary temperatures
We propose a fundamental relation for a classical ideal gas that is valid at
all temperatures with remarkable accuracy. All thermodynamical properties of
classical ideal gases can be deduced from this relation at arbitrary
temperature.Comment: 7 pages, Latex, with 2 additional files for pslatex figures.
Expression for entropy added in the 2nd versio
Optimal energy quanta to current conversion
We present a microscopic discussion of a nano-sized structure which uses the
quantization of energy levels and the physics of single charge Coulomb
interaction to achieve an optimal conversion of heat flow to directed current.
In our structure the quantization of energy levels and the Coulomb blockade
lead to the transfer of quantized packets of energy from a hot source into an
electric conductor to which it is capacitively coupled. The fluctuation
generated transfer of a single energy quantum translates into the directed
motion of a single electron. Thus in our structure the ratio of the charge
current to the heat current is determined by the ratio of the charge quantum to
the energy quantum. An important novel aspect of our approach is that the
direction of energy flow and the direction of electron motion are decoupled.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figure
Emergence of robustness against noise: A structural phase transition in evolved models of gene regulatory networks
We investigate the evolution of Boolean networks subject to a selective
pressure which favors robustness against noise, as a model of evolved genetic
regulatory systems. By mapping the evolutionary process into a statistical
ensemble and minimizing its associated free energy, we find the structural
properties which emerge as the selective pressure is increased and identify a
phase transition from a random topology to a "segregated core" structure, where
a smaller and more densely connected subset of the nodes is responsible for
most of the regulation in the network. This segregated structure is very
similar qualitatively to what is found in gene regulatory networks, where only
a much smaller subset of genes --- those responsible for transcription factors
--- is responsible for global regulation. We obtain the full phase diagram of
the evolutionary process as a function of selective pressure and the average
number of inputs per node. We compare the theoretical predictions with Monte
Carlo simulations of evolved networks and with empirical data for Saccharomyces
cerevisiae and Escherichia coli.Comment: 12 pages, 10 figure
Coherence properties of the microcavity polariton condensate
A theoretical model is presented which explains the dominant decoherence
process in a microcavity polariton condensate. The mechanism which is invoked
is the effect of self-phase modulation, whereby interactions transform
polariton number fluctuations into random energy variations. The model shows
that the phase coherence decay, g1(t), has a Kubo form, which can be Gaussian
or exponential, depending on whether the number fluctuations are slow or fast.
This fluctuation rate also determines the decay time of the intensity
correlation function, g2(t), so it can be directly determined experimentally.
The model explains recent experimental measurements of a relatively fast
Gaussian decay for g1(t), but also predicts a regime, further above threshold,
where the decay is much slower.Comment: 5 pages, 1 figur
Measuring thermodynamic length
Thermodynamic length is a metric distance between equilibrium thermodynamic
states. Among other interesting properties, this metric asymptotically bounds
the dissipation induced by a finite time transformation of a thermodynamic
system. It is also connected to the Jensen-Shannon divergence, Fisher
information and Rao's entropy differential metric. Therefore, thermodynamic
length is of central interest in understanding matter out-of-equilibrium. In
this paper, we will consider how to define thermodynamic length for a small
system described by equilibrium statistical mechanics and how to measure
thermodynamic length within a computer simulation. Surprisingly, Bennett's
classic acceptance ratio method for measuring free energy differences also
measures thermodynamic length.Comment: 4 pages; Typos correcte
Generalized Phase Rules
For a multi-component system, general formulas are derived for the dimension
of a coexisting region in the phase diagram in various state spaces.Comment: In the revised manuscript, physical meanings of D's are explained by
adding three figures. 10 pages, 3 figure
Generalized Jarzynski Equality under Nonequilibrium Feedback Control
The Jarzynski equality is generalized to situations in which nonequilibrium
systems are subject to a feedback control. The new terms that arise as a
consequence of the feedback describe the mutual information content obtained by
measurement and the efficacy of the feedback control. Our results lead to a
generalized fluctuation-dissipation theorem that reflects the readout
information, and can be experimentally tested using small thermodynamic
systems. We illustrate our general results by an introducing "information
ratchet," which can transport a Brownian particle in one direction and extract
a positive work from the particle
Mean-field calculation of critical parameters and log-periodic characterization of an aperiodic-modulated model
We employ a mean-field approximation to study the Ising model with aperiodic
modulation of its interactions in one spatial direction. Two different values
for the exchange constant, and , are present, according to the
Fibonacci sequence. We calculated the pseudo-critical temperatures for finite
systems and extrapolate them to the thermodynamic limit. We explicitly obtain
the exponents , , and and, from the usual scaling
relations for anisotropic models at the upper critical dimension (assumed to be
4 for the model we treat), we calculate , , , ,
and . Within the framework of a renormalization-group approach, the
Fibonacci sequence is a marginal one and we obtain exponents which depend on
the ratio , as expected. But the scaling relation is obeyed for all values of we studied. We characterize
some thermodynamic functions as log-periodic functions of their arguments, as
expected for aperiodic-modulated models, and obtain precise values for the
exponents from this characterization.Comment: 17 pages, including 9 figures, to appear in Phys. Rev.
Detection of Macroscopic Entanglement by Correlation of Local Observables
We propose a correlation of local observables on many sites in macroscopic
quantum systems. By measuring the correlation one can detect, if any,
superposition of macroscopically distinct states, which we call macroscopic
entanglement, in arbitrary quantum states that are (effectively) homogeneous.
Using this property, we also propose an index of macroscopic entanglement.Comment: Although the index q was proposed for mixed states, it is also
applicable to pure states, on which we fix minor bugs (that will be reported
in PRL as erratum). The conclusions of the paper remain unchanged. (4 pages,
no figures.
Macroscopic entanglement of many-magnon states
We study macroscopic entanglement of various pure states of a one-dimensional
N-spin system with N>>1. Here, a quantum state is said to be macroscopically
entangled if it is a superposition of macroscopically distinct states. To judge
whether such superposition is hidden in a general state, we use an essentially
unique index p: A pure state is macroscopically entangled if p=2, whereas it
may be entangled but not macroscopically if p<2. This index is directly related
to the stability of the state. We calculate the index p for various states in
which magnons are excited with various densities and wavenumbers. We find
macroscopically entangled states (p=2) as well as states with p=1. The former
states are unstable in the sense that they are unstable against some local
measurements. On the other hand, the latter states are stable in the senses
that they are stable against local measurements and that their decoherence
rates never exceed O(N) in any weak classical noises. For comparison, we also
calculate the von Neumann entropy S(N) of a subsystem composed of N/2 spins as
a measure of bipartite entanglement. We find that S(N) of some states with p=1
is of the same order of magnitude as the maximum value N/2. On the other hand,
S(N) of the macroscopically entangled states with p=2 is as small as O(log N)<<
N/2. Therefore, larger S(N) does not mean more instability. We also point out
that these results are analogous to those for interacting many bosons.
Furthermore, the origin of the huge entanglement, as measured either by p or
S(N), is discussed to be due to the spatial propagation of magnons.Comment: 30 pages, 5 figures. The manuscript has been shortened and typos have
been fixed. Data points of figures have been made larger in order to make
them clearly visibl
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