Einstellung zum Alkoholkonsum und Motivation zur Veränderung des Trinkverhaltens bei Schwangeren- Eine Validierung des Transtheoretischen Modells der Verhaltensänderung

Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Motivation von schwangeren Frauen zum Alkoholverzicht zu untersuchen. Ebenso sollte die Anwendbarkeit des Transtheoretischen Modells der Verhaltensänderung auf das Problemverhalten des Alkoholkonsums in der Schwangerschaft überprüft werden. Weitere Fragestellungen befassten sich mit dem Vergleich des Alkoholkonsums von Frauen, die sich in Familienstand, Ausbildungsstand und Rauchverhalten unterschieden. Es handelt sich um eine Querschnittstudie, in der Frauen aus 5 gynäkologischen Arztpraxen während eines Besuches bei ihrem Gynäkologen ein Fragebogen vorgelegt wurde. Insgesamt 256 Schwangere zwischen der 3. und 40. Schwangerschaftswoche nahmen an der Befragung teil. Ihr Alter betrug im Durchschnitt 29,9 Jahre (SD 5,6). Erstgebärende waren 145 Frauen, weitere 79 Frauen waren in ihrer zweiten Schwangerschaft und nur wenige Teilnehmerinnen waren in ihrer dritten, vierten oder fünften Schwangerschaft. 1. Die Dimensionalität der Konstrukte des TTM, wie sie in vorhergehenden Untersuchungen gefunden wurde, kann im Wesentlichen bestätigt werden. 2. Die Gütekriterien der zur Operationalisierung der Konstrukte verwendeten Skalen sind befriedigend. 3. Einen Alkoholkonsum während der Schwangerschaft geben 44 % aller Teilnehmerinnen an. Der durchschnittliche Alkoholkonsum beträgt 0,5 (SD = 0,95) alkoholischen Getränke bei einem Anlass während der letzten 30 Tage, wobei ein Maximalwert von 5 Getränken bei einem Anlass berichtet wird. Auf die Frage nach der Anzahl der Tage, an denen während der letzten 10 Tage ein alkoholisches Getränk getrunken wurde, geben die Teilnehmerinnen einen Mittelwert von 1,3 (SD = 0,63) Tagen an, das Maximum beträgt 5 Tage. Zur Frage nach der Anzahl der Anlässe, an denen seit Beginn der Schwangerschaft ein alkoholisches Getränk getrunken wurde, zeigt sich ein Mittelwert von 2,1 (SD = 1,7) Anlässen mit einem Maximalwert von mehr als 20 Anlässen. Sechs Frauen geben einen maximalen Alkoholkonsum von 4 oder mehr Getränken bei einem Anlass an. 4. Es zeigt sich ein signifikant höherer Alkoholkonsum bei unverheirateten Schwangeren im Vergleich zu Verheirateten. 5. Einen signifikant höheren Alkoholkonsum geben Frauen mit Universitätsabschluss und Frauen in Führungspositionen an. 6. Raucherinnen trinken während der Schwangerschaft nicht mehr Alkohol als Nichtraucherinnen

Regular and Irregular Boundary Conditions in the AdS/CFT Correspondence

We expand on Klebanov and Witten's recent proposal for formulating the AdS/CFT correspondence using irregular boundary conditions. The proposal is shown to be correct to any order in perturbation theory.Comment: 7 pages, typos correcte

Three Distinct Roles for Notch in Drosophila R7 Photoreceptor Specification

During specification of the R7 photoreceptor in the <I>Drosophila</I> eye, activation of Notch signaling leads to multiple responses within the cell, including antagonistic ones

Singular values of the Dirac operator in dense QCD-like theories

We study the singular values of the Dirac operator in dense QCD-like theories at zero temperature. The Dirac singular values are real and nonnegative at any nonzero quark density. The scale of their spectrum is set by the diquark condensate, in contrast to the complex Dirac eigenvalues whose scale is set by the chiral condensate at low density and by the BCS gap at high density. We identify three different low-energy effective theories with diquark sources applicable at low, intermediate, and high density, together with their overlapping domains of validity. We derive a number of exact formulas for the Dirac singular values, including Banks-Casher-type relations for the diquark condensate, Smilga-Stern-type relations for the slope of the singular value density, and Leutwyler-Smilga-type sum rules for the inverse singular values. We construct random matrix theories and determine the form of the microscopic spectral correlation functions of the singular values for all nonzero quark densities. We also derive a rigorous index theorem for non-Hermitian Dirac operators. Our results can in principle be tested in lattice simulations.Comment: 3 references added, version published in JHE

On the possibility of magneto-structural correlations: detailed studies of di-nickel carboxylate complexes

A series of water-bridged dinickel complexes of the general formula [Ni&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(μ&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-OH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)(μ2- O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;C&lt;sup&gt;t&lt;/sup&gt;Bu)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;C&lt;sup&gt;t&lt;/sup&gt;Bu)2(L)(L0)] (L = HO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;C&lt;sup&gt;t&lt;/sup&gt;Bu, L0 = HO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;C&lt;sup&gt;t&lt;/sup&gt;Bu (1), pyridine (2), 3-methylpyridine (4); L = L0 = pyridine (3), 3-methylpyridine (5)) has been synthesized and structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. The magnetic properties have been probed by magnetometry and EPR spectroscopy, and detailed measurements show that the axial zero-field splitting, D, of the nickel(ii) ions is on the same order as the isotropic exchange interaction, J, between the nickel sites. The isotropic exchange interaction can be related to the angle between the nickel centers and the bridging water molecule, while the magnitude of D can be related to the coordination sphere at the nickel sites

Communication style and exercise compliance in physiotherapy (CONNECT). A cluster randomized controlled trial to test a theory-based intervention to increase chronic low back pain patients’ adherence to physiotherapists’ recommendations: study rationale, design, and methods

Physical activity and exercise therapy are among the accepted clinical rehabilitation guidelines and are recommended self-management strategies for chronic low back pain. However, many back pain sufferers do not adhere to their physiotherapist’s recommendations. Poor patient adherence may decrease the effectiveness of advice and home-based rehabilitation exercises. According to self-determination theory, support from health care practitioners can promote patients’ autonomous motivation and greater long-term behavioral persistence (e.g., adherence to physiotherapists’ recommendations). The aim of this trial is to assess the effect of an intervention designed to increase physiotherapists’ autonomy-supportive communication on low back pain patients’ adherence to physical activity and exercise therapy recommendations. \ud \ud This study will be a single-blinded cluster randomized controlled trial. Outpatient physiotherapy centers (N =12) in Dublin, Ireland (population = 1.25 million) will be randomly assigned using a computer-generated algorithm to either the experimental or control arm. Physiotherapists in the experimental arm (two hospitals and four primary care clinics) will attend eight hours of communication skills training. Training will include handouts, workbooks, video examples, role-play, and discussion designed to teach physiotherapists how to communicate in a manner that promotes autonomous patient motivation. Physiotherapists in the waitlist control arm (two hospitals and four primary care clinics) will not receive this training. Participants (N = 292) with chronic low back pain will complete assessments at baseline, as well as 1 week, 4 weeks, 12 weeks, and 24 weeks after their first physiotherapy appointment. Primary outcomes will include adherence to physiotherapy recommendations, as well as low back pain, function, and well-being. Participants will be blinded to treatment allocation, as they will not be told if their physiotherapist has received the communication skills training. Outcome assessors will also be blinded. \ud \ud We will use linear mixed modeling to test between arm differences both in the mean levels and the rates of change of the outcome variables. We will employ structural equation modeling to examine the process of change, including hypothesized mediation effects. \ud \ud This trial will be the first to test the effect of a self-determination theory-based communication skills training program for physiotherapists on their low back pain patients’ adherence to rehabilitation recommendations. Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN63723433\u

A dp53-Dependent Mechanism Involved in Coordinating Tissue Growth in Drosophila

A study in the Drosophila wing suggests a crucial role of p53 in the coordination of growth between adjacent cell populations to maintain organ proportions and shape

Drosophila cbl Is Essential for Control of Cell Death and Cell Differentiation during Eye Development

Activation of cell surface receptors transduces extracellular signals into cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation and survival. However, as important as the activation of these receptors is their appropriate spatial and temporal down-regulation for normal development and tissue homeostasis. The Cbl family of E3-ubiquitin ligases plays a major role for the ligand-dependent inactivation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), most notably the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) through ubiquitin-mediated endocytosis and lysosomal degradation.Here, we report the mutant phenotypes of Drosophila cbl (D-cbl) during eye development. D-cbl mutants display overgrowth, inhibition of apoptosis, differentiation defects and increased ommatidial spacing. Using genetic interaction and molecular markers, we show that most of these phenotypes are caused by increased activity of the Drosophila EGFR. Our genetic data also indicate a critical role of ubiquitination for D-cbl function, consistent with biochemical models.These data may provide a mechanistic model for the understanding of the oncogenic activity of mammalian cbl genes

The identification of QTL controlling ergot sclerotia size in hexaploid wheat implicates a role for the Rht dwarfing alleles

The fungal pathogen Claviceps purpurea infects ovaries of a broad range of temperate grasses and cereals, including hexaploid wheat, causing a disease commonly known as ergot. Sclerotia produced in place of seed carry a cocktail of harmful alkaloid compounds that result in a range of symptoms in humans and animals, causing ergotism. Following a field assessment of C. purpurea infection in winter wheat, two varieties ‘Robigus’ and ‘Solstice’ were selected which consistently produced the largest differential effect on ergot sclerotia weights. They were crossed to produce a doubled haploid mapping population, and a marker map, consisting of 714 genetic loci and a total length of 2895 cM was produced. Four ergot reducing QTL were identified using both sclerotia weight and size as phenotypic parameters; QCp.niab.2A and QCp.niab.4B being detected in the wheat variety ‘Robigus’, and QCp.niab.6A and QCp.niab.4D in the variety ‘Solstice’. The ergot resistance QTL QCp.niab.4B and QCp.niab.4D peaks mapped to the same markers as the known reduced height (Rht) loci on chromosomes 4B and 4D, Rht-B1 and Rht-D1, respectively. In both cases, the reduction in sclerotia weight and size was associated with the semi-dwarfing alleles, Rht-B1b from ‘Robigus’ and Rht-D1b from ‘Solstice’. Two-dimensional, two-QTL scans identified significant additive interactions between QTL QCp.niab.4B and QCp.niab.4D, and between QCp.niab.2A and QCp.niab.4B when looking at sclerotia size, but not between QCp.niab.2A and QCp.niab.4D. The two plant height QTL, QPh.niab.4B and QPh.niab.4D, which mapped to the same locations as QCp.niab.4B and QCp.niab.4D, also displayed significant genetic interactions