The Effect of Tax Laws and the Cost of Capital on the Size of Newly Constructed Strip Shopping Centers

While the impact of tax policy and other economic variables on the total amount of construction has been widely studied, this paper proposes that these variables also affect the size distribution of the properties constructed. The basic intuition is that there is a lower bound to the economically feasible size of a project due to economies of scale in construction. Events favorable to construction, such as lower interest rates and more favorable tax treatment, relax this lower bound permitting the construction of smaller properties. We test this proposition using data on newly constructed neighborhood shopping centers in Clark County, Nevada during the period from 1971 to 1999.

Complexation of Secondary Amides to Chromium(III): the X-Ray Structure of a Molecule with Two Modes of Monodentate Organic Amide Co-ordination

The X-ray crystal structure of the dimer [Cr{H(chba-Et)}(py)_2]_(2)·2py [H_(4)(chba-Et)= 1,2-bis(3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxybenzamido) ethane, py = pyridine] establishes, for the first time, the existence of N-co-ordination of an organic amide to Cr^III, the N-atom and carbonyl O-atom of two separate amide groups being co-ordinated to each Cr^III centre [Cr–N 2.030(6) and Cr–O 1.976(5)Å]; the potentially tetra-anionic chelating ligand leads to a variety of co-ordination modes

The Relative Importance of Work as a Factor in Life Satisfaction

Le travail, activité fondamentale de l'homme, est présumé avoir également une influence marquée sur l'expression personnelle de la joie de vivre. Les recherches récentes sur la qualité de la vie ont permis d'évaluer l'importance du travail en tant que source de satisfaction dans la vie, mais elles ont aussi conduit à des constatations contraires. Une étude importante a montré par exemple que la satisfaction au travail tient une place de choix dans l'épanouissement de l'homme au cours de son existence, tandis qu'une autre a conclu que l'importance relative du travail occupe un rang très bas.Le présent article met en parallèle les rapports entre la satisfaction au travail et la satisfaction dans la vie par l'analyse de données recueillies d'un échantillon de répondants qui occupaient un emploi à temps plein. Les résultats indiquent que la satisfaction au travail est un facteur explicatif relativement peu important. La vie familiale, les activités de loisir et les relations d'amitié ont tendance à être des sources de satisfaction dans la vie plus marquées que la satisfaction au travail, même si on décèle des différences selon le sexe du répondant. En effet, l'effet de la satisfaction au travail est sensiblement plus élevé chez les femmes que chez les hommes.Aussi, compte tenu des diverses conditions de travail, il apparaît que la satisfaction au travail est susceptible d'être davantage ressentie en tant que source de satisfaction dans la vie si les individus sont plus satisfaits des caractéristiques extrinsèques de leur emploi que de ses facteurs intrinsèques.This study assesses the impacts of job satisfaction on life satisfaction through the analyses of data obtained from a sample of respondents who held full-time employment

Peruvian Antiquities and the Collecting of Cultural Goods

Ancient art, artifacts, and architecture have long excited the intellectual curiosity and acquisitive passions of private and institutional collectors who, in turn, have funded archaeological research, preservation initiatives, and public education. Yet, the procurement of these goods also has encouraged looting and trafficking activities. Supplying collectors has destroyed much cultural evidence in source countries and has raised questions about who should control heritage and history. This article investigates the market for Peruvian antiquities, the surviving material culture created by the country’s inhabitants before the Spanish Conquest. It briefly reviews Peru’s early history and the history of collecting its artifacts, and surveys the contemporary market for Peruvian antiquities. Then, some implications this marketing system and underlying consumer demand have for the preservation of Peru’s cultural heritage are considered. The points of view of market participants, critical publics, and local people are examined and strategies for protecting antiquities from the market are proposed and evaluated

Brown Trout Perception of Ultraviolet Radiation and Possible Influence on Distribution

Brown trout (Salmo trutta), demonstrated an avoidance response to a range of intensities of artificial ultraviolet radiation in a laboratory setting. UV field measurements were made under a variety of riparian canopies in a mountain river system. UV values at various depth regimes were compared with laboratory response values. Results suggested that ultraviolet light could be a factor in the absence of brown trout in particular habitat types at various times during the daylight hours. Visible light intensity response values were also obtained under the same experimental and field conditions. These data suggested that visible light also could be a contributing factor in the absence of brown trout in different habitat types. Visible light may be of equal importance to ultraviolet light in eliciting an avoidance response in brown trout

International New Venture Founders: Who Are They?

This article reports on a comparison of the founders of 55 international new ventures with their counterparts who started 166 domestic-only new ventures

Inhibitory synchrony as a mechanism for attentional gain modulation

Recordings from area V4 of monkeys have revealed that when the focus of attention is on a visual stimulus within the receptive field of a cortical neuron, two distinct changes can occur: The firing rate of the neuron can change and there can be an increase in the coherence between spikes and the local field potential in the gamma-frequency range (30-50 Hz). The hypothesis explored here is that these observed effects of attention could be a consequence of changes in the synchrony of local interneuron networks. We performed computer simulations of a Hodgkin-Huxley type neuron driven by a constant depolarizing current, I, representing visual stimulation and a modulatory inhibitory input representing the effects of attention via local interneuron networks. We observed that the neuron's firing rate and the coherence of its output spike train with the synaptic inputs was modulated by the degree of synchrony of the inhibitory inputs. The model suggest that the observed changes in firing rate and coherence of neurons in the visual cortex could be controlled by top-down inputs that regulated the coherence in the activity of a local inhibitory network discharging at gamma frequencies.Comment: J.Physiology (Paris) in press, 11 figure

Mechanisms for Phase Shifting in Cortical Networks and their Role in Communication through Coherence

In the primate visual cortex, the phase of spikes relative to oscillations in the local field potential (LFP) in the gamma frequency range (30–80 Hz) can be shifted by stimulus features such as orientation and thus the phase may carry information about stimulus identity. According to the principle of communication through coherence (CTC), the relative LFP phase between the LFPs in the sending and receiving circuits affects the effectiveness of the transmission. CTC predicts that phase shifting can be used for stimulus selection. We review and investigate phase shifting in models of periodically driven single neurons and compare it with phase shifting in models of cortical networks. In a single neuron, as the driving current is increased, the spike phase varies systematically while the firing rate remains constant. In a network model of reciprocally connected excitatory (E) and inhibitory (I) cells phase shifting occurs in response to both injection of constant depolarizing currents and to brief pulses to I cells. These simple models provide an account for phase-shifting observed experimentally and suggest a mechanism for implementing CTC. We discuss how this hypothesis can be tested experimentally using optogenetic techniques

Vitamin D in Australia : issues and recommendations

BACKGROUND A significant number of Australians and people from specific groups within the community are suffering from vitamin D deficiency. It is no longer acceptable to assume that all people in Australia receive adequate vitamin D from casual exposure to sunlight.OBJECTIVE This article provides information on causes, consequences, treatment and prevention of vitamin D deficiency in Australia. DISCUSSION People at high risk of vitamin D deficiency include the elderly, those with skin conditions where avoidance of sunlight is required, dark skinned people (particularly women during pregnancy or if veiled) and patients with malabsorption, eg. coeliac disease. For most people, deficiency can be prevented by 5&ndash;15 minutes exposure of face and upper limbs to sunlight 4&ndash;6 times per week. If this is not possible then a vitamin D supplement of at least 400 IU* per day is recommended. In cases of established vitamin D deficiency, supplementation with 3000-5000 IU per day for at least 1 month is required to replete body stores. Increased availability of larger dose preparations of cholecalciferol would be a useful therapy in the case of severe deficiencies. * 40 IU (international units) = 1 &micro;g<br /