HPV vaccine: an overview of immune response, clinical protection, and new approaches for the future

Although long-term protection is a key-point in evaluating HPV-vaccine over time, there is currently inadequate information on the duration of HPV vaccine-induced immunity and on the mechanisms related to the activation of immune-memory. Longer-term surveillance in a vaccinated population is needed to identify waning immunity, evaluating any requirements for booster immunizations to assess vaccine efficacy against HPV-diseases. Current prophylactic vaccines have the primary end-points to protect against HPV-16 and 18, the genotypes more associated to cervical cancer worldwide. Nevertheless, data from many countries demonstrate the presence, at significant levels, of HPVs that are not included in the currently available vaccine preparations, indicating that these vaccines could be less effective in a particular area of the world. The development of vaccines covering a larger number of HPVs presents the most complex challenge for the future. Therefore, long term immunization and cross-protection of HPV vaccines will be discussed in light of new approaches for the future

VLPs and particle strategies for cancer vaccines

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Digital and high resolution stereo mapping of the Sonnblick Glacier (Austria) with HRSC-A

The airborne High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC-A) is a multiple line scanner which simultaneously acquires stereo and colour information with absolute spatial accuracy in the decimetre range. The multiple stereo principle applied ist particularly well suited for otaining precise topographic and imaging data of rugged terrain as found in mountainous regions: a permanently nadir-looking stereo channel provides favourable visibility conditions and minimises the occurrence of shadow zones which affect the performance of side-looking sensor systems such as SAR. A sophisticated and fully automated photogrammetric processing system allows to dertermine topography even in areas which are problematic for image correlation techniques neede to extract height information from stereo imagery, e.g. in areas with low texture information like snow. In order to supplement existing monitoring techniques for snow and ice-covered regions, HRSC-A was used in a pilot study to map an area of the Hohe Tauern mountain range in Austria enclosing some of the most intensively analysed glaciers in the Alps. The results are of outstanding quality and suggest the future application of HRSC-A for the remote sensing of snow and ice, particularly in the context of climate-related studies

The Airborne High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC-A) as a Tool for High Mountain Cartography

The airborne High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC-A) is a multiple line scanner which simultaneously acquires stereo and colour information with absolute spatial accuracy in the decimetre range. The multiple stereo principle applied ist particularly well suited for otaining precise topographic and imaging data of rugged terrain as found in mountainous regions: a permanently nadir-looking stereo channel provides favourable visibility conditions and minimises the occurrence of shadow zones which affect the performance of side-looking sensor systems such as SAR. A sophisticated and fully automated photogrammetric processing system allows to dertermine topography even in areas which are problematic for image correlation techniques neede to extract height information from stereo imagery, e.g. in areas with low texture information like snow. In order to supplement existing monitoring techniques for snow and ice-covered regions, HRSC-A was used in a pilot study to map an area of the Hohe Tauern mountain range in Austria enclosing some of the most intensively analysed glaciers in the Alps. The results are of outstanding quality and suggest the future application of HRSC-A for the remote sensing of snow and ice, particularly in the context of climate-related studies