Fruit characteristics of the selected fig genotypes

The aim of this research was determine of fruit characteristics and select of some significant fig genotypes grown in Kiziltepe district of Mardin province. No studies have been made on the fig genotypes in Kiziltepe district by researchers up to now. Therefore, this study was very important. In this research, six fig genotypes were evaluated for two years. A lot of pomological characteristics of the selected fig genotypes were determined during years 2007 and 2008. According to the averages in two years, fruit weight ranged between 68.04 and 43.96 g,ostiolum width ranged between 4.55 and 2.46 mm, total soluble solids (TSS) ranged between 21.10 and 16.78% and acidity ranged between 0.28 and 0.22%. In addition, KZTP-32 and KZTP-30 fig genotypes scored the highest in overall quality according to the results of the weighted ranked method.Key words: Ficus carica L., genotype, fruit characteristics, quality, selection

Effect of contiguity and figure-ground organization on the area rule of lightness

Cataloged from PDF version of article.In a simple two-dimensional (2D) display composed of two uniform surfaces with different luminances, the lightness of the darker surface varies as a function of its relative area while its luminance is held constant (Gilchrist & Radonjić, 2009; Li & Gilchrist, 1999). This phenomenon is known as the area rule of lightness, and although it is extensively studied in the literature, the underlying principles are still largely unknown. Here, using computer-generated stimuli, we investigated the effects of contiguity and figure-ground organization on the area rule of lightness. Stimuli were 2D disks composed of radial sectors with high (25 cd/ m2) or low (8 cd/m2 ) luminance. On each trial, observers judged the lightness of the sectors by adjusting the luminance of a matching patch. Four conditions were tested. In the contiguous condition, there were one dark and one light sector, in the noncontiguous condition, both the light and dark surfaces were split into four equal radial sectors. Figure and ground conditions were generated by adding small contextual elements to the stimulus. We found that the area rule applied under all conditions; however, the functional form of the effect showed marked differences across conditions. Taken together, our results show that both high-level (e.g., perceptual grouping, figure-ground organization) and low-level (e.g., spatial-summation) mechanisms play a role in the area rule of lightness. © 2014 ARVO

Static and vibration analysis of functionally graded beams using refined shear deformation theory

Static and vibration analysis of functionally graded beams using refined shear deformation theory is presented. The developed theory, which does not require shear correction factor, accounts for shear deformation effect and coupling coming from the material anisotropy. Governing equations of motion are derived from the Hamilton's principle. The resulting coupling is referred to as triply coupled axial-flexural response. A two-noded Hermite-cubic element with five degree-of-freedom per node is developed to solve the problem. Numerical results are obtained for functionally graded beams with simply-supported, cantilever-free and clamped-clamped boundary conditions to investigate effects of the power-law exponent and modulus ratio on the displacements, natural frequencies and corresponding mode shapes

The relationship between frontal sinus morphology and skeletal maturation

Background: The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between frontal sinus morphology and hand-wrist bone maturation by using postero-anterior (PA) cephalometric radiographs.Materials and methods: The study sample consisted of 220 patients divided into 11 groups based on the hand-wrist radiographs. The right and left maximum height, width and area of the frontal sinus parameters were measured in PA cephalometric radiographs of 220 subjects aged 8–18 years. The hand-wrist skeletal maturation stages were evaluated on the hand-wrist radiographs using the method of Fishman. The Kendall tau-b values were analysed to evaluate the correlation between the hand-wrist skeletal maturation stages and the frontalsinus parameters.Results: The right and left frontal sinus areas and widths were found to be larger in males than in females (p < 0.05). In males, a significant difference was observed in all frontal sinus parameters in different maturation stages (p < 0.001), while a statistically significant correlation was found in females between the left frontal sinus area, right frontal sinus height, right frontal sinus width and different maturation stages (p < 0.05).Conclusions: The relationship between frontal sinus dimensions obtained from PA cephalometric radiographs and hand-wrist maturation stages suggests that frontal sinuses can be used in determining growth and development

Effects of rootstocks and irrigation levels on grape quality of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Shiraz

The influence of two rootstocks (SO4 and 1103P) on grape quality and berry chemical composition was studied in a factorial experiment, in field grown grapevines of cv. Shiraz (Vitis vinifera L.), subjected to five irrigation levels [0% (T1), 25% (T2), 50% (T3), 75% (T4) and 100% (T5) of irrigation depth (IW, mm): Class A pan evaporimeter (CPE)]. Spectrophotometric analyses of total anthocyanins (TA), total phenolics (TP) and total antioxidant activity (AA) in grape extracts were performed. Also, total soluble solids (TSS), total acidity, pH, total sugar content, ash, juice yield and color index of red grapes (CIRG) of berry samples were determined. TA, TP, AA, TSS, total sugar content, ash, and CIRG valuesdecreased together with increasing irrigation levels. On the contrary, T4 and T5 irrigation treatments increased total acidity, pH and juice yield of samples compared to the effects of T1, T2 and T3 irrigation treatments for both rootstocks. Moreover, T1 or T2 treatments caused an increase in TA, TP, AA, TSS, total sugar content, ash, and CIRG index values of grape samples in comparison to that of vines irrigated with T3, T4 and T5 levels. Grape quality response to irrigation levels was altered by rootstocksand quality of grapes harvested from vines grafted on SO4 was higher compared to those from 1103P under all irrigation treatments. Based on the findings, it was suggested that T2 irrigation level might be sufficient to guarantee Shiraz yield potential without significant loss in grape quality under the study conditions. Also, the results make it possible to recommend use of SO4 rootstock under non-limiting water conditions because of its positive on grape quality parameters, while 1103P might be better choice under water-limiting conditions

Yield response of mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) on wheat straw and waste tea leaves based composts using supplements of some locally available peats and their mixture with some secondary casing materials

The study was conducted to investigate yields of mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) on wheat straw and waste tea leaves based composts. Mixtures (50:50, v/v) of some locally available peats including peat ofBolu (PB), peat of Agacbasi (PA), peat of Caykara (PC) and their mixture (80:20; v/v) with which piece of mosaic and sand were used. Also, some activator materials such as wheat bran, wheat chaff, chickenmanure, pigeon manure, and poplar leaves were used for A. bisporus cultivation. The results on wheat straw based composts provided the highest mushroom yield (23.01%) that was obtained on wheat strawand pigeon manure based compost using a mixture of PA with PC (50+50; v/v) as casing material. For waste tea leaves based composts, the highest mushroom yield (24.90%) were recorded on wheat straw and pigeon manure based compost using a mixture of PC with sand (80+20; v/v) as casing material