Gender differences and gender convergence in alcohol use over the past three decades (1984–2008), The HUNT Study, Norway

Abstract Background To examine changes in men‘s and women’s drinking in Norway over a 20-year period, in order to learn whether such changes have led to gender convergence in alcohol drinking. Methods Repeated cross-sectional studies (in 1984–86, 1995–97, and 2006–08) of a large general population living in a geographically defined area (county) in Norway. Information about alcohol drinking is based on self-report questionnaires. Not all measures were assessed in all three surveys. Results Adult alcohol drinking patterns have changed markedly over a 20-year period. Abstaining has become rarer while consumption and rates of recent drinking and problematic drinking have increased. Most changes were in the same direction for men and women, but women have moved towards men’s drinking patterns in abstaining, recent drinking, problematic drinking and consumption. Intoxication (among recent drinkers) has decreased in both genders, but more in men than in women. The declines in gender differences, however, were age-specific and varied depending on which drinking behavior and which beverage was taken into account. Conclusions There has been a gender convergence in most drinking behaviours, including lifetime history of problem drinking, over the past 2–3 decades in this Norwegian general population, but the reasons for this convergence appear to be complex

Kesaksian wakil komandan Tjakrabirawa: dari revolusi 45 sampai kudeta 66

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Strategi Metode Pengajaran Autentik dalam Meningkatkan Proses dan Hasil Belajar Antropologi pada Siswa Kelas XI Bahasa 1 SMA Negeri 1 Bissapu Kabupaten Bantaeng Tahun Ajaran 2011/2012

Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian tindakan (action research) sebanyak tiga siklus. Setiap siklus terdiri dari empat tahap yaitu: rancangan, kegiatan dan pengamatan, refleksi, dan refisi. Sasaran penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas XI Bahasa 1 SMA Negeri 1 Bissapu tahun ajaran 2011/2012. Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini yaitu: (a) Bagaimanakah peningkatan hasil belajar Antropologi dengan diterapkannya metode pengajaran autentik pada siswa Kelas XI Bahasa 1 SMA Negeri 1 Bissapu tahunajaran 2011/2012 (b) Bagaimanakah pengaruh metode pengajaran autentik terhadap motivasi belajar Pengetahuan Sosial pada siswa kelas XI Bahasa 1 SMA Negeri 1 Bissapu tahun ajaran 2011/2012.Dari hasil analis didapatkan bahwa hasil belajar siswa mengalami peningkatan dari siklus I sampai siklus III yaitu, siklus I (68%), siklus II (79%), siklus III (89%). Simpulan dari penelitian ini adalah metode pengajaran autentik dapat berpengaruh positif terhadap hasil dan motivasi belajar siswa kelas XI Bahasa 1 serta metode pengajaran ini dapat digunakan sebagai salah satu alternatif pembelajaran pengetahuan sosial

Screening and brief intervention targeting risky drinkers in Danish general practice - a pragmatic controlled trial

Abstract — Aims: Recommendations for routine alcohol screening and brief counselling intervention in primary health care rest on results from intervention efficacy studies. By conducting a pragmatic controlled trial (PCT), we aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of the WHO recommendations for screening and brief intervention (SBI) in general practice. Methods: A randomized PCT (brief counselling intervention vs no intervention) involving 39 Danish general practitioners (GPs). Systematic screening of 6897 adults led to inclusion of 906 risky drinkers, and research follow-up on 537 of these after 12–14 months. Outcome measures focused on patients ’ acceptance of screening and intervention and their self-reported alcohol consumption. Results: Patient acceptance of screening and intervention −10.3 % (N = 794) of the target population (N = 7, 691) explicitly refused screening. All intervention group subjects (N = 442) were exposed to an instant brief counselling session while only 17.9 % of them (79/442) attended a follow-up consultation that was offered by their GP. Consumption Changes At one-year follow-up, average weekly consumption had increased by 0.7 drinks in both comparison groups. As secondary findings, we observed an indiscriminate absolute risk reduction (ARR = 0.08 (95 % CI: −0.02; 0.18)) in male binge drinking, but adverse intervention effects for women on the secondary outcomes (binge drinking ARR = −0.30 (95 % CI: −0.47; −0.09)). Conclusions: The results of brief interventions in everyday general practice performed on the basis of systematic questionnaire screening may fall short of theoretical expectations. When applied to non-selected groups in everyday general practice SBI may have little effect and engender diverse outcome. Women may be more susceptible to defensive reactions than men