Energy efficient and climate friendly refrigeration systems onboard fishing vessels

Refrigeration systems onboard fishing vessels are necessary to keep the catch at a low temperature and to ensure long shelf life. Most refrigeration systems in the world fishing fleet still have R-22 as a working fluid, which has both ozone depleting potential and global warming potential. In this paper, key findings are presented from the CoolFish project, financed by The Research Council of Norway and industry partners. The primary objective has been to develop technology and increase knowledge for more energy-efficient and climate-friendly cooling, freezing, and heating systems onboard fishing vessels. Development and utilisation of natural refrigerants, especially R-744 and R-717, have been important to communicate. The main emissions come from engines, and the development within propulsion systems and fuels is described. Integration of cooling and heating is vital to reduce energy demand. The heat from the engine is commonly used onboard, but other integration possibilities are also explored. Keywords: fishing vessel, energy efficiency, natural refrigerants, sustainability, greenhouse gas emissionacceptedVersio

Validation of the Short Version (TLS-15) of the Triangular Love Scale (TLS-45) Across 37 Languages

Love is a phenomenon that occurs across the world and affects many aspects of human life, including the choice of, and process of bonding with, a romantic partner. Thus, developing a reliable and valid measure of love experiences is crucial. One of the most popular tools to quantify love is Sternberg’s 45-item Triangular Love Scale (TLS-45), which measures three love components: intimacy, passion, and commitment. However, our literature review reveals that most studies (64%) use a broad variety of shortened versions of the TLS-45. Here, aiming to achieve scientific consensus and improve the reliability, comparability, and generalizability of results across studies, we developed a short version of the scale—the TLS-15—comprised of 15 items with 5-point, rather than 9-point, response scales. In Study 1 (N = 7,332), we re-analyzed secondary data from a large-scale multinational study that validated the original TLS-45 to establish whether the scale could be truncated. In Study 2 (N = 307), we provided evidence for the three-factor structure of the TLS-15 and its reliability. Study 3 (N = 413) confirmed convergent validity and test–retest stability of the TLS-15. Study 4 (N = 60,311) presented a large-scale validation across 37 linguistic versions of the TLS-15 on a cross-cultural sample spanning every continent of the globe. The overall results provide support for the reliability, validity, and cross-cultural invariance of the TLS-15, which can be used as a measure of love components—either separately or jointly as a three-factor measure

Predictors of Enhancing Human Physical Attractiveness: Data from 93 Countries

People across the world and throughout history have gone to great lengths to enhance their physical appearance. Evolutionary psychologists and ethologists have largely attempted to explain this phenomenon via mating preferences and strategies. Here, we test one of the most popular evolutionary hypotheses for beauty-enhancing behaviors, drawn from mating market and parasite stress perspectives, in a large cross-cultural sample. We also test hypotheses drawn from other influential and non-mutually exclusive theoretical frameworks, from biosocial role theory to a cultural media perspective. Survey data from 93,158 human participants across 93 countries provide evidence that behaviors such as applying makeup or using other cosmetics, hair grooming, clothing style, caring for body hygiene, and exercising or following a specific diet for the specific purpose of improving ones physical attractiveness, are universal. Indeed, 99% of participants reported spending \u3e10 min a day performing beauty-enhancing behaviors. The results largely support evolutionary hypotheses: more time was spent enhancing beauty by women (almost 4 h a day, on average) than by men (3.6 h a day), by the youngest participants (and contrary to predictions, also the oldest), by those with a relatively more severe history of infectious diseases, and by participants currently dating compared to those in established relationships. The strongest predictor of attractiveness-enhancing behaviors was social media usage. Other predictors, in order of effect size, included adhering to traditional gender roles, residing in countries with less gender equality, considering oneself as highly attractive or, conversely, highly unattractive, TV watching time, higher socioeconomic status, right-wing political beliefs, a lower level of education, and personal individualistic attitudes. This study provides novel insight into universal beauty-enhancing behaviors by unifying evolutionary theory with several other complementary perspectives

On the respective terms of the derived and the polycentral series of a free lie algebra and an ideal

Let F be a free Lie algebra of rank > 1 and S be an ideal of F. Denote by Fm and Fn1 …, nkthe terms of the lower central and the polycentral series of F. The aim of this paper is to provide a sufficient condition for the quotient algebra Fn1, …,nk/sn1, … nkto be infinitely generated. The case Fm/Sm was studied in [6] for free groups and in (2) for free Lie algebras. In this paper the following main theorem is proved: If F ? F2 + S, k ? 1 and ni > 1 for i=l,…,k, then Fn1, …,nk/sn1, … nk is infinitely generated. © 1992, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved

Soil-particle and pore orientations during drained and undrained shear of a cohesive sandy silt-clay soil

The orientations of particles, pores, and other constituents of an artificially made cohesive sandy silt-clay soil were studied to investigate how they change during drained and undrained shear. The results show that the orientation pattern before shearing is nearly random, although there may be some degree of preferred orientation caused by the overburden pressure. The degree of preferred orientation increases as the shearing increases until failure in both the drained and undrained tests and increases towards the failure plane. After failure, the degree of preferred orientation does not change considerably near the failure plane but does continue to increase away from it. The number of oriented particles, pores, and other constituents increases, but their averages stay about the same as the shearing continues after failure in the drained tests. The differences between the degrees of preferred orientations 5 and 10 mm away from the failure planes at different shear (horizontal) displacements are much less in the drained tests than in the undrained tests, indicating formation of a wider deformation zone in the drained tests. This is probably because particles in the drained tests have enough time to respond to the applied shear stresses and change their orientation. This may explain why deformations occur in wide zones along tectonically active creeping (aseismic) faults, whose mechanisms are analogous to those of drained shear tests, and in narrow zones along seismic faults, whose mechanisms are analogous to those of undrained shear tests. © 2004 NRC

Soil structure changes during compaction of a cohesive soil

Orientations of particles, pores and other constituents during compaction of an artificially made clayey soil were studied in order to investigate how soil structure, and in turn, engineering parameters such as dry unit weight, porosity, void ratio and compaction characteristics, change during compaction of a cohesive soil at different moisture contents on both the dry and wet sides of the optimum moisture content. The results show that the orientation pattern at the very dry stage of the compaction curve is nearly random. The overall degree of preferred orientation increases as the moisture content increases until the optimum moisture content is reached. Edge-edge contacts between the particles and/or domains at the very dry stage of the compaction curve first become mainly edge-face and then become face-face contacts near the optimum moisture content. Around the optimum moisture content, the overall degree of preferred orientation becomes the highest. From this point on, however, the overall degree of preferred orientation starts to decrease again indicating that further moisture content increase does not cause additional overall preferred orientation. The structure beyond the optimum moisture content is mainly characterised by long strings of differently oriented packets in the form of curved trajectories and mainly face-to-face contacts between the particles and/or domains in the packets. Though there is a high degree of preferred fabric orientation in each individual packet, the overall degree of preferred orientation decreases because the packets are themselves oriented in different directions. The results agree with previous studies showing that the soil fabric dry of optimum is randomly oriented but becomes increasingly oriented towards the optimum. However, as the moisture content increases on the wet side of optimum, the overall degree of preferred orientation decreases as opposed to the generally accepted view. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.FBE2002D47, MMF2003BAP17, MMF200043This study was financially supported in part by the Çukurova University Research Foundation (Project Nos: FBE2002D47, MMF2003BAP17 and MMF200043). The authors thank two anonymous Engineering Geology reviewers for their critical review of the manuscript