Validation of the Short Version (TLS-15) of the Triangular Love Scale (TLS-45) Across 37 Languages

Love is a phenomenon that occurs across the world and affects many aspects of human life, including the choice of, and process of bonding with, a romantic partner. Thus, developing a reliable and valid measure of love experiences is crucial. One of the most popular tools to quantify love is Sternberg’s 45-item Triangular Love Scale (TLS-45), which measures three love components: intimacy, passion, and commitment. However, our literature review reveals that most studies (64%) use a broad variety of shortened versions of the TLS-45. Here, aiming to achieve scientific consensus and improve the reliability, comparability, and generalizability of results across studies, we developed a short version of the scale—the TLS-15—comprised of 15 items with 5-point, rather than 9-point, response scales. In Study 1 (N = 7,332), we re-analyzed secondary data from a large-scale multinational study that validated the original TLS-45 to establish whether the scale could be truncated. In Study 2 (N = 307), we provided evidence for the three-factor structure of the TLS-15 and its reliability. Study 3 (N = 413) confirmed convergent validity and test–retest stability of the TLS-15. Study 4 (N = 60,311) presented a large-scale validation across 37 linguistic versions of the TLS-15 on a cross-cultural sample spanning every continent of the globe. The overall results provide support for the reliability, validity, and cross-cultural invariance of the TLS-15, which can be used as a measure of love components—either separately or jointly as a three-factor measure

On the respective terms of the derived and the polycentral series of a free lie algebra and an ideal

Let F be a free Lie algebra of rank > 1 and S be an ideal of F. Denote by Fm and Fn1 …, nkthe terms of the lower central and the polycentral series of F. The aim of this paper is to provide a sufficient condition for the quotient algebra Fn1, …,nk/sn1, … nkto be infinitely generated. The case Fm/Sm was studied in [6] for free groups and in (2) for free Lie algebras. In this paper the following main theorem is proved: If F ? F2 + S, k ? 1 and ni > 1 for i=l,…,k, then Fn1, …,nk/sn1, … nk is infinitely generated. © 1992, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved

Soil structure changes during compaction of a cohesive soil

Orientations of particles, pores and other constituents during compaction of an artificially made clayey soil were studied in order to investigate how soil structure, and in turn, engineering parameters such as dry unit weight, porosity, void ratio and compaction characteristics, change during compaction of a cohesive soil at different moisture contents on both the dry and wet sides of the optimum moisture content. The results show that the orientation pattern at the very dry stage of the compaction curve is nearly random. The overall degree of preferred orientation increases as the moisture content increases until the optimum moisture content is reached. Edge-edge contacts between the particles and/or domains at the very dry stage of the compaction curve first become mainly edge-face and then become face-face contacts near the optimum moisture content. Around the optimum moisture content, the overall degree of preferred orientation becomes the highest. From this point on, however, the overall degree of preferred orientation starts to decrease again indicating that further moisture content increase does not cause additional overall preferred orientation. The structure beyond the optimum moisture content is mainly characterised by long strings of differently oriented packets in the form of curved trajectories and mainly face-to-face contacts between the particles and/or domains in the packets. Though there is a high degree of preferred fabric orientation in each individual packet, the overall degree of preferred orientation decreases because the packets are themselves oriented in different directions. The results agree with previous studies showing that the soil fabric dry of optimum is randomly oriented but becomes increasingly oriented towards the optimum. However, as the moisture content increases on the wet side of optimum, the overall degree of preferred orientation decreases as opposed to the generally accepted view. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.FBE2002D47, MMF2003BAP17, MMF200043This study was financially supported in part by the Çukurova University Research Foundation (Project Nos: FBE2002D47, MMF2003BAP17 and MMF200043). The authors thank two anonymous Engineering Geology reviewers for their critical review of the manuscript

Ulnar-sided pain due to extensor carpi ulnaris tendon subluxation: A case report

Introduction. We present the case of a patient with extensor carpi ulnaris tendon subluxation who was first treated for distal radioulnar joint sprain. Case presentation. A 25-year-old Caucasian man was seen at our policlinic one month after he had fallen on his outstretched hand. A diagnosis of extensor carpi ulnaris subluxation was made clinically but we also had the magnetic resonance imaging scan of the patient's wrist which displayed an increased signal on T2-weighted images consistent with inflammation around the extensor carpi ulnaris tendon. The extensor carpi ulnaris tendon was found to be dislocating during supination and relocating during pronation. The sheath was reconstructed using extensor retinaculum due to attenuation of subsheath. Conclusion: There was no recurrent dislocation of the extensor carpi ulnaris tendon of the patient at his last follow up 12 months after the operation. © 2012 Cift et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd

Prematür ejakülasyon hastalari{dotless}nda mizaç ve karakter farkli{dotless}li{dotless}klari{dotless}

Introduction: The debate on the etiology of premature ejaculation is still ongoing although there was huge amount of biological and psychological theories. We aimed to investigate the personality structure of patients with premature ejaculation via temperament and character inventory. Methods: Forty patients with premature ejaculation and a matched number of healthy people were included. Participants were asked to fill out a questionnaire booklet with separate sections for general demographic information and the temperament and character inventory. Results: Total novelty seeking scores and subscale 1 (exploration-excitability) scores in premature ejaculation patients were significantly higher than in control groups (p<0.05). Total harm avoidance scores and harm avoidance subscale 2 (fear of uncertainty) scores in premature ejaculation patients was found significantly lower than in control group (p<0.05). Beck depression score was significantly higher in patients with premature ejaculation than in control groups. Discussion: Men with premature ejaculation are more impulsive (excitant), more tempered, more excitable and less prone to harmful behavior. Current findings tend to reinforce premature ejaculation based upon combination of neurobiological and psychological reasons. © Archives of Neuropsychiatry, published by Galenos Publishing