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Enhanced seasonal forecast skill following stratospheric sudden warmings
Advances in seasonal forecasting have brought widespread
socio-economic benefits. However, seasonal forecast skill
in the extratropics is relatively modest, prompting the
seasonal forecasting community to search for additional
sources of predictability. For over a decade it has been
suggested that knowledge of the state of the stratosphere
can act as a source of enhanced seasonal predictability; long-lived circulation anomalies in the lower stratosphere that follow stratospheric sudden warmings are associated with circulation anomalies in the troposphere that can last up to two months. Here, we show by performing retrospective
ensemble model forecasts that such enhanced predictability
can be realized in a dynamical seasonal forecast system with
a good representation of the stratosphere. When initialized at the onset date of stratospheric sudden warmings, the model forecasts faithfully reproduce the observed mean tropospheric conditions in the months following the stratospheric sudden warmings. Compared with an equivalent set of forecasts that are not initialized during stratospheric sudden warmings, we document enhanced forecast skill for atmospheric circulation patterns, surface temperatures over northern Russia and eastern Canada and North Atlantic precipitation. We suggest
that seasonal forecast systems initialized during stratospheric sudden warmings are likely to yield significantly greater forecast skill in some regions
Impact of Satellite Observations on Forecasting Sudden Stratospheric Warmings
The observational impacts of satellite data assimilation on extended‐range forecasts of sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) are investigated by conducting ensemble forecast experiments. We use two Japanese novel reanalysis products: the Japanese 55‐year reanalysis (JRA‐55) and its subset that assimilates conventional observations only (JRA‐55C). A comparative examination on the reproducibility for SSWs between the two ensemble forecasts reveals that the impact of satellite observations is significant for forecasts starting 5 days before the SSW onset, with 20% less accuracy in the JRA‐55C forecasts. Moreover, some of forecasts of vortex‐splitting SSWs show a sudden appearance of deep difference, which lasts over a few months in the lower stratosphere and significantly affects the surface climate. These results highlight an important role of mesospheric and upper stratospheric circulations on the onset and development of SSWs
Stratospheric tropical warming event and its impact on the polar and tropical troposphere
Stratosphere–troposphere coupling is investigated in
relation to middle atmospheric subtropical jet (MASTJ) variations in boreal
winter. An exceptional strengthening of the MASTJ occurred in association
with a sudden equatorward shift of the stratospheric polar night jet (PNJ)
in early December 2011. This abrupt transformation of the MASTJ and PNJ had
no apparent relation to the upward propagation of planetary waves from the
troposphere. The impact of this stratospheric event penetrated into the
troposphere in two regions: in the northern polar region and the tropics. Due
to the strong MASTJ, planetary waves at higher latitudes were deflected and
trapped in the northern polar region. Trapping of the planetary waves resulted
in amplification of zonal wave number 1 component, which appeared in the
troposphere as the development of a trough over the Atlantic sector and a
ridge over the Eurasian sector. A strong MASTJ also suppressed the
equatorward propagation of planetary waves, which resulted in weaker
tropical stratospheric upwelling and produced anomalous warming in the
tropical stratosphere. In the tropical tropopause layer (TTL), however,
sublimation of ice clouds kept the temperature change minor. In the
troposphere, an abrupt termination of a Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO)
event occurred following the static stability increase in the TTL. This
termination suggests that the stratospheric event affected the convective
episode in the troposphere