Study guide Human Rights Act 1998

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Study of Timing Yield Optimization and Rectilinear Polygon Generation Algorithm

With the decreasing of integrate circuit’s feature size, the process parameters of chips have serious variations. The process variations have severe influence on the timing analysis of integrate circuit. The precise modeling of process variations is the prerequisite of statistical timing analysis. Intra-die variation is one part of the process variation. It is one of the dominant factors affecting chip’s performance and behaves spatial correlation. With the decreasing of feature size, the spatial correlation of intra-die variation becomes more and more complicated. The traditional parametric approach fails to describe the corresponding correlation function correctly. Recent study found out that the spatial correlation of intra-die variation is different in different directions, which is called anisotropic. To improve the accuracy of the spatial correlation modeling of intra-die variation, this thesis presents a non-parametric approach for estimation, using B-spline function as the basis function of the correlation function. The result accords with the statistical characteristics of the samples. Clock skew scheduling is a method utilizing the clock skew to optimize the circuit’s performance. The clock period minimization and timing failure probability minimization are two conflicting targets in clock skew scheduling. Considering the influence of process variations, traditional yield driven clock skew scheduling can be described as a series of minimum ratio cycle problems. However, the description assumed that the critical path delay is Gaussian distribution which is no longer suitable for the nanometer process of next generation. Latest study has presented a method considering non Gaussian distribution. This method solved the optimization problem by generalized Lawler’s algorithm. To accelerate the solving of the optimization problem, this thesis further presents several improved algorithm. The experimental result shows that the improved algorithm is faster than the former algorithm. The test of EDA algorithm needs rectilinear polygons in different layouts which come from real cases and randomly generated cases. Sometimes, the real cases cannotcover all the cases in complex algorithm. In this thesis, a practical algorithm that generates random rectilinear polygon is proposed, which can flexibly generate layout cases of different distributions and sizes. We prove that the new algorithm is guaranteed to terminate within finite steps

What Do the Decisions of the European Court of Human Rights Tell About Property Rights Across Europe?

Despite the important role that institutions play in explaining economic growth, there exist few objective quantitative measures of institutional quality. We propose a new quantitative index that allows comparing the strength of property rights across the member states of the Council of Europe. To construct the index, we analyzed all judgments of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) related to property rights for all member states and identified whether the ECtHR had found a violation of property rights in the domestic courts’ decisions. The resulting data were used to calculate the likelihood of finding violation in the judgments of national courts. Assuming that the ECtHR is impartial and unbiased, higher probability of overruling the judgments of local courts from a given country implies that the level of property rights protection is low. Our constructed measure is highly correlated with a number of indices of property rights protection used in the literature and serves as a strong objective foundation for these indices. Furthermore, we found that the ECtHR had received more applications from countries with higher likelihood of national court judgments violating property rights

An in vitro examination of the impact of polyethylene glycol 400, pluronic P85, and vitamin E d-a-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate on P-glycoprotein efflux and enterocyte-based metabolism in excised rat intestine

The potential inhibitory effects of 3 excipients (polyethylene glycol [PEG] 400, Pluronic P85, and vitamin E d-a-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate [TPGS]) on the P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated efflux of digoxin (DIG) and cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A)-mediated metabolism of verapamil (VRP) have been examined in an in vitro permeability model