The Food Retailing Structure of the Northwest Territories

Food retailers in the Northwest Territories face dramatically different conditions from those of southern food retailers. There are three main differences: (1) small market size, (2) limited geographical access to suppliers and (3) different types of competitors. These differences have resulted in higher food prices and smaller, more general, stores with a wider variety of merchandise than southern supermarkets. Resupply is much less frequent than in southern supermarkets because resupply must be made via either air or barge shipment rather than truck delivery. The N.W.T. food retailing structure comprises three types of food retailers: the independently operated stores, the cooperatives and chain stores. This first examination of the similarities and differences between the store types is drawn from a mail survey of all the food retailers in the N.W.T. The food retailers have adapted to the small, isolated northern markets by expanding their merchandise line well beyond food products. The Hudson's Bay Company stores carry the widest variety of merchandise, while the others carry a more limited product line. Inventory management varies among the store types. The cooperatives generally fail to use the cheaper alternative transportation modes (road or water) where possible. This is not due to location but may reflect poor managerial skills or simply a lack of profit motivation.Key words: food retailing, Northwest Temtories, mode, retail structure, management, Hudson’s Bay Company, cooperatives, independentsLes détaillants en alimentation des Territoires du Nord-Ouest font face à des conditions radicalement différentes de celles des détaillants en alimentation du Sud. Il y a trois différences principales: (1) le marché est plus petit, (2) l’accès géographique aux fournisseurs est limité et (3) les concurrents sont d’un genre différent. Ces différences font que le prix de la nourriture est plus élevé, que les magasins sont plus petits et qu’ils ressemblent plus à un magasin général, offrant une plus grande variété de marchandises que les supermarchés du Sud. La fréquence du réapprovisionnement est moindre que pour ces derniers, car l’approvisionnement doit se faire par avion ou par péniche plutôt que par camion. La structure de l’alimentation de détail dans les T.N.-O. comprend trois types de détaillants les magasins indépendants, les coopératives et les magasins appartenant à des chaînes. Ce premier examen des ressemblances et des différences entre les types de magasins a été obtenu à partir d’une enquête postée à tous les détaillants en alimentation des T. N.-O. Les détaillants en alimentation se sont adaptés aux petits marchés isolés du Nord en élargissant la gamme de leurs produits bien au-delà des produits alimentaires. Les magasins de la Compagnie de la Baie d’Hudson ont la plus grande variété de marchandises, tandis que les autres ont une gamme de produits plus limitée. La gestion des inventaires varie entre les différents types de magasins. En général, les coopératives ne profitent pas des autres moyens de transport (routiers et par voie d’eau) là où elles le pourraient. Cela n’est pas dû à leur situation géographique, mais c’est plutôt le reflet d’un manque d’expérience en gestion ou simplement d’un manque de motivation à réaliser des profits.Mots clés: vente d’alimentation au détail, Territoires du Nord-Ouest, moyen, structure de vente de détail, gestion, Compagnie de la Baie d’Hudson, coopératives, magasins indépendant

Leveraging Community Health Worker Program to Improve Healthcare Access for Sickle Cell Disease in Georgia

A five-year project, Access to Care was developed and implemented by the Sickle Cell Foundation of Georgia (SCFG) leveraging community resources and partnerships to increase access and improve the quality of healthcare and healthcare coordination in an adult sickle cell disease (SCD) population in underserved and rural areas of Georgia. The project is comprised of three phases: (Phase 1) the Community Health Worker Program - to improve the health outcomes of individuals living with SCD through healthcare coordination; (Phase 2) the CME-accredited Provider Training Program - to increase the knowledge of non-specialty providers in Georgia to increase provider capacity and confidence to provide care and treatment for individuals with sickle cell disease; and (3) Sickle Cell Clinic Days – specialty care provided by a hematologist in minimally resourced and underserved areas including Augusta, Columbus, Macon and Savannah and counties. Eight hundred and sixty-nine (869) individuals in 75 Georgia counties have received care coordination services with 113 placed in medical homes. Three hundred and sixty-eight (368) health care providers have participated in six face-to-face trainings and 30 have participated in two webinars. Partnerships include local sickle cell associations and support groups; local health departments; hospitals/Emergency Departments; local medical societies; local academic institutions; stakeholders; Georgia Department of Public Health; Global Blood Therapeutics; and Morehouse School of Medicine. With 8,427 residents living with SCD, Georgia has the nation’s fourth largest SCD population in the nation with the second highest SCD incidence among black and/or African American births in the nation. Evaluation measures include process and output data monitoring, collection of observational data, i.e., participation and appointment tracking, and case management recording utilizing case management software; pre-and post-questionnaires to measure changes in knowledge, attitudes, skills covered in workshops and seminars

THE ACCRETION MODEL OF NEANDERTAL EVOLUTION

The Accretion model of Neandertal evolution specifies that this group of Late Pleistocene hominids evolved in partial or complete genetic isolation from the rest of humanity through the gradual accumulation of distinctive morphological traits in European populations. As they became more common, these traits also became less variable, according to those workers who developed the model. Its supporters propose that genetic drift caused this evolution, resulting from an initial small European population size and either complete isolation or drastic reduction in gene flow between this deme and contemporary human populations elsewhere. Here, we test an evolutionary model of gene flow between regions against fossil data from the European population of the Middle and Late Pleistocene. The results of the analysis clearly show that the European population was not significantly divergent from its contemporaries, even in a subset of traits chosen to show the maximum differences between Europeans and other populations. The pattern of changes, over time within Europe of the traits in this subset, does not support the Accretion model, either because the characters did not change in the manner specified by the model or because the characters did not change at all. From these data, we can conclude that special phenomena such as near-complete isolation of the European population during the Pleistocene are not required to explain the pattern of evolution in this region.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/72466/1/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00667.x.pd

Lower Third Premolar Rotation in the Krapina Dental Sample

This paper presents some new observations on the Krapina Neandertal dental sample. A number of lower third premolars from this site are rotated in comparison to their expected position relative to the other teeth. We developed a method for accurately describing the rotation for teeth, whether they are in mandibles, included in dental sets or isolated. We compare the frequencies of rotated P3s in the Krapina sample with those observed in a modern human population and in the available Neandertal population specimens. It appears that the two latter have comparable frequencies of P3 rotation whereas rotations found in the Krapina sample have a much higher frequency, whether in relation to the total number of teeth or the number of individuals. Bootstrapping in the comparative samples shows that the probabilities of finding the frequencies of rotated P3s observed at Krapina within the modern and Neandertal lineage groups are very low, below the significance threshold. The Krapina sample thus appears to be unique in its proportion of rotated P3s. After rejecting a mechanical hypothesis (i. e. lack of space) for explaining this condition, we propose a genetic origin for this condition. We discuss the implications of related individuals utilizing the cave over a long period of time

Reply to Dr. Foote

No Abstract.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/37664/1/1330900313_ftp.pd

Dental reduction and the probable mutation effect

A recent test of the probable mutation effect can be interpreted to suggest the operation of mutations under conditions of reduced selection in the late Pleistocene reduction of the human dentition.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/37555/1/1330430218_ftp.pd

Palaeoanthropology and palaeolithic archaeology in the people's Republic of China. Edited by Wu Rukang and John W. Olsen. Orlando: Academic Press. 1985. xxvii + 293 pp., figures, tables, index. $54.00 (cloth)

No Abstract.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/37634/1/1330710116_ftp.pd

Serological evidence of cross infection in a dialysis unit hepatitis-B epidemic

Serological evidence of cross infection in a dialysis unit hepatitis-B epidemic. This study provides serological as well as epidemiological evidence that a dialysis unit hepatitis-B epidemic was spread by cross contamination. There were 74 patients and staff who developed HB-Ag-positive hepatitis during a 28-month hospital surveillance period. Twenty-six of these cases were intimately related to the dialysis unit (21 dialysis/transplant patients and five hospital staff) and 58 were not. Representative sera from each group of cases were further tested for HB-Ag subtype specificity. Thirteen of 14 dialysis/transplant patients had subtype ay whereas ten of 15 general hospital patients had the alternate phenotype ad. All four staff who had probably acquired their infection from dialysis/transplant patients were ay subtype. Eight of the dialysis/transplant patients had never received blood. Transfusion rate in the infected dialysis patients was one-third that of leukemic patients but the hepatitis rate was higher.Preuve sérologique d'une contamination croisée dans une unité de dialyse par le virus B de l'hépatite. Ce travail apporte les preuves sérologiques et épidémiologiques de la contamination croisée d'une unité d'hémodialyse par le virus B de l'hépatite. Soixante-quatorze malades et membres de l'équipe ont développé une hépatite HB-Ag positive dans les 28 mois de la surveillance de l'hôpital. Vingt-six de ces cas ont été liés étroitement à la dialyse (21 malades de dialyse ou transplantation et 5 membres de l'équipe) et 58 ne l'étaient pas. Dans chaque groupe de cas le sérum a été étudié pour identifier les phénotypes de HB-Ag. Treize des 14 malades de dialyse ou transplantation avaient le phénotype ay alors que 10 parmi 15 des malades de l'hôpital général avaient l'autre phénotype ad. Les quatre membres de l'équipe qui avaient probablement contracté leur infection à partir de malades de transplantation ou de dialyse avaient le phénotype ay. Huit des malades de dialyse ou de transplantation n'avaient jamais reçu de sang. Le débit transfusions chez les malades en dialyse atteints par l'hépatite était le tiers de celui des malades leucémiques mais l'incidence de l'hépatite a été plus grande chez les premiers

Man's ancestors: An introduction to primate and human evolution. By Ian Tattersall. 64 pp., figures, bibliography, index. John Murray Publishers, London. 1970. $4.75 (paper)

No Abstract.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/37532/1/1330370318_ftp.pd

The origin of modern humans and the impact of chronometric dating. Edited by M. J. Aitken, C.B. Stringer, and P.A. Mellars. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 1993. ISBN 0-691-032424. vi + 248 pp. $39.50 (cloth)

No Abstract.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/37667/1/1330930110_ftp.pd