24,771 research outputs found
Sedimentary organic molecules: Origins and information content
To progress in the study of organic geochemistry, we must dissect the processes controlling the composition of sedimentary organic matter. Structurally, this has proven difficult. Individual biomarkers can often be recognized, but their contribution to total organic materials is small, and their presence does not imply that their biochemical cell mates have survived. We are finding, however, that a combination of structural and isotopic lines of evidence provides new information. A starting point is provided by the isotopic compositions of primary products (degradation products of chlorophylls, alkenones derived from coccoliths). We find strong evidence that the isotopic difference between primary carbonate and algal organic material can be interpreted in terms of the concentration of dissolved CO2. Moreover, the isotopic difference between primary and total organic carbon can be interpreted in terms of characteristic isotopic shifts imposed by secondary processes (responsive, for example, to O2 levels in the depositional environment. In favorable cases, isotopic compositions of a variety of secondary products can be interpreted in terms of flows of carbon, and, therefore, in terms of specific processes and environmental conditions within the depositional environment
Rapidity Gaps Between Jets
An excess of events with a rapidity gap between jets, over what would be
expected from non-diffractive processes, has been observed at HERA. A process
based on a perturbative QCD calculation of colour singlet exchange has been
added to HERWIG. With this addition, HERWIG is able to describe the number of
events with a gap between jets over the number without a gap. This gap fraction
is predicted to rise at large rapidity intervals between jets which would only
be visible if the detector coverage were increased.Comment: 5 pages including 3 figures. To appear in the conference proceedings
of the Workshop "Future Physics at HERA
Charge centers in CaF: Ab initio calculation of elementary physical properties
Charge centers in ionic crystals provide a channel for elementary interaction
between electromagnetic radiation and the lattice. We calculate the electronic
ground state energies which are needed to create a charge center -- namely a
- and a -center. In well agreement with common understanding the
-center results in being accompanied by a small lattice distortion whereas
the -center is accompanied by a very large lattice deformation. Opposite to
the common understanding the additional positive charge in the charge center
results rather to be localized on a F complex than on a
F-complex. From the ground states of the charge centers we derive binding
energies, diffusion barriers and agglomeration energies for -center
formation. These microscopic quantities are of fundamental interest to
understand the dynamic processes which are initiated if the crystals interact
with extreme intense deep ultra violet radiation. We further derive the
equilibrium concentrations of charge centers in grown crystals.Comment: to appear in Phys. Rev. B in Aug. 2006, 11 Fig
An AI powered system to enhance self-reflection practice in coaching
Self-reflection practice in coaching can help with time management by promoting self-awareness. Through this process, a coach can identify habits, tendencies and behaviours that may be causing distraction or make them less productive. This insight can be used to make changes in behaviour and establish new habits that promote effective use of time. This can also help the coach to prioritise goals and create a clear roadmap. An AI powered system has been proposed that maps the conversion onto topics and relations that could help the coach with note-taking and progress identification throughout the session. This system enables the coach to actively self-reflect on time management and make sure the conversation follows the target framework. This will help the coach to better understand the goal setting, breakthrough moment, and client accountability. The proposed end-to-end system is capable of identifying coaching segments (Goal, Option, Reality, and Way forward) across a session with 85% accuracy. Experimental evaluation has also been conducted on the coaching dataset which includes over 1k one-to-one English coaching sessions. In regards to the novelty, there are no datasets of such nor study of this kind to enable self-reflection actively and evaluate in-session performance of the coach
Nonelastic nuclear reactions and accompanying gamma radiation
Several aspects of nonelastic nuclear reactions which proceed through the formation of a compound nucleus are dealt with. The full statistical model and the partial statistical model are described and computer programs based on these models are presented along with operating instructions and input and output for sample problems. A theoretical development of the expression for the reaction cross section for the hybrid case which involves a combination of the continuum aspects of the full statistical model with the discrete level aspects of the partial statistical model is presented. Cross sections for level excitation and gamma production by neutron inelastic scattering from the nuclei Al-27, Fe-56, Si-28, and Pb-208 are calculated and compared with avaliable experimental data
Multiwavelength analysis of the Lyman alpha emitting galaxy Haro 2: relation between the diffuse Lyman alpha and soft X-ray emissions
In order to use Lyman alpha (Lya) emission as star formation tracer in
cosmological studies, we must understand how the resonant scattering affects
the escape fraction of the Lya photons. Thus, high spatial resolution
multiwavelength studies of nearby Lya emitters, like Haro 2, are highly needed.
For that purpose, we have used Chandra X-ray and HST (UV, optical and NIR)
images of Haro 2, and STIS and ground-based spectral images along its major and
minor axes, to characterize the Lya emission and the properties of the stellar
population. The UV, Ha (Halpha) and FIR luminosities of the Haro 2 nuclear
starburst are reproduced using evolutionary synthesis models assuming a young
stellar population with ages ~3.5-5.0 Myr, affected by differential
interstellar extinctions. The observed X-ray emission is attributed to gas
heated by the mechanical energy released by the starburst (soft component) and
a Ultra-Luminous X-ray source candidate (hard). Both compact and diffuse Lya
components are observed. Whereas Lya is spatially decoupled from Balmer lines
emission, Balmer decrement and UV continuum, the diffuse Lya component is
spatially correlated with the diffuse soft X-ray emission. Moreover, unlike the
compact one, diffuse Lya shows luminosities larger than predicted from Ha,
assuming case B recombination and dust extinction as derived from Ha/Hbeta. We
propose that, whereas the compact Lya emission is associated to the massive
stellar clusters and is affected by outflows and dust extinction, the diffuse
Lya originates in gas ionized by the hot plasma responsible for the soft X-ray
radiation, as suggested by their spatial correlation and by the measured
L(Ha)/LsoftX ratios. Calibration of Lya as star formation rate tracer should
therefore include both effects (destruction vs. enhancement) to avoid biases in
the study of galaxies at cosmological distances.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A, 18 pages, 8 figures, 9 tables. If
problems with quality of images, see
http://www.cab.inta-csic.es/users/otih/haro2-v63.clean.pd
Physical properties and evolutionary state of the Lyman alpha emitting starburst galaxy IRAS 08339+6517
Though Lyman alpha emission (Lya) is one of the most used tracers of massive
star formation at high redshift, a correct understanding of radiation transfer
effects by neutral gas is required to properly quantify the star formation rate
along the history of the Universe. We are embarked in a program to study the
properties of the Lya emission (spectral profile, spatial distribution,
relation to Balmer lines intensity,...) in several local starburst galaxies. We
present here the results obtained for IRAS 08339+6517.
Using evolutionary population synthesis models, we have characterized the
properties of the starburst (UV continuum, Halpha, total infrared and X-ray
emissions, etc.), which transformed 1.4e+8 Mo of gas into stars around 5-6 Myr
ago. In addition to the central compact emission blob, we have identified a
diffuse Lya emission component smoothly distributed over the whole central area
of IRAS 08339+6517. This diffuse emission is spatially decoupled from the UV
continuum, the Halpha emission or the Halpha/Hbeta ratio. Both locally and
globally, the Lya/Halpha ratio is lower than the Case B predictions, even after
reddening correction, with an overall Lya escape fraction of only 4%.
We conclude that in IRAS 08339+6517 the resonant scattering of Lya photons by
an outflowing shell of neutral gas causes their highly-efficient destruction by
dust, which explains the low Lya escape fraction measured. These results stress
again the importance of a proper correction of scattering and transfer effects
when using Lya to derive the star formation rate in high-redshift galaxies.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A, 17 pages, 13 figures, 8 tables. If
problems with quality of images, see
https://cloud.cab.inta-csic.es/public.php?service=files&file=%2Fotih%2Ffiles%2Foti_mas%2Firas%2Firas-v53.ack_referee.pd
Loss Tolerant Optical Qubits
We present a linear optics quantum computation scheme that employs a new
encoding approach that incrementally adds qubits and is tolerant to photon loss
errors. The scheme employs a circuit model but uses techniques from cluster
state computation and achieves comparable resource usage. To illustrate our
techniques we describe a quantum memory which is fault tolerant to photon loss
Quantum Density Fluctuations in Classical Liquids
We discuss the density fluctuations of a fluid due to zero point motion.
These can be regarded as density fluctuations in the phonon vacuum state. We
assume a linear dispersion relation with a fixed speed of sound and calculate
the density correlation function. We note that this function has the same form
as the correlation function for the time derivative of a relativistic massless
scalar field, but with the speed of light replaced by the speed of sound. As a
result, the study of density fluctuations in a fluid can be a useful analog
model for better understanding fluctuations in relativistic quantum field
theory. We next calculate the differential cross section for light scattering
by the zero point density fluctuations, and find a result proportional to the
fifth power of the light frequency. This can be understood as the product of
fourth power dependence of the usual Rayleigh cross section with the linear
frequency dependence of the spectrum of zero point density fluctuations. We
give some estimates of the relative magnitude of this effect compared to the
scattering by thermal density fluctuations, and find that it can be of order
0.5% for water at room temperature and optical frequencies. This relative
magnitude is proportional to frequency and inversely proportional to
temperature. Although the scattering by zero point density fluctuation is
small, it may be observable.Comment: 7 page
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