Radar interferometry based settlement monitoring in tunnelling: visualisation and accuracy analyses

Background The accurate, efficient and economical monitoring of settlements caused by tunnel boring machines, especially in regions of particular interest such as critical inner city areas, has become an important aspect of the tunnelling operation. Besides conventional terrestrial based methods to capture settlements, satellite based techniques that can accurately determine displacements remotely, are increasingly being used to augment standard terrestrial measurements. However, not much attention has been paid to analyse the accuracy of satellite based measurement data. In addition, there is also a lack of studies on how to visualise the resulting huge amount of data in the context of both the tunnel advancement and the existing building infrastructure. Methods This paper introduces the basics of settlement monitoring using radar interferometry methods, in particular showing the results obtained by processing radar images from the TerraSAR-X satellite to monitor a downtown construction site in Düsseldorf, Germany, where a new underground line (“Wehrhahn-Linie”) is being built. By comparing terrestrial measurements with remote satellite based settlement data in temporal and spatial corridors, the accuracy of the radar interferometry method is shown. Moreover, a 4D visualisation concept is presented that correlates satellite and terrestrial based settlement data correlated with above-ground buildings and boring machine performance parameters within a Virtual Reality (VR) environment. Results By comparing up to 23,000 pairs of satellite and terrestrial based settlement data points of a real tunnelling project an accuracy of about ±1.5 mm in the measurement of deformation using the method of radar interferometry in urban areas can be stated. In addition, providing a visual analysis of data sources within a VR environment, the accuracy of terrestrial and satellite-based measurements can be visualised in different time steps. Sources of error that affect the degree of accuracy, such as atmospheric conditions, systematic errors in the evaluation of radar images and local events in the spatial corridor, can be quantified. In addition, the 4D visualisation can help reveal direct interdependencies between settlement data and boring machine performance data. Conclusions The Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) based on high resolution radar images of the TerraSAR-X satellite, in combination with conventional ground-based terrestrial measurements, provides a new settlement monitoring approach in tunnelling. For example, due to minimized surveying works and disruptions of construction activities on site and due to the large settlement area coming with a high magnitude of settlement data points, this combined monitoring approach is very practical and economical. Moreover, by visualizing the settlement data properly, the risk of damage of surface structures can be analysed and understood more precisely, which increases the safety of underground works

Influence of autoionisation and predissociation on the photoelectron parameters in HBr

Lefebvre-Brion H, Salzmann M, Klausing H-W, Müller M, Böwering N, Heinzmann U. Influence of autoionisation and predissociation on the photoelectron parameters in HBr. Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics. 1989;22(23):3891-3900

Photoelectron spin polarization approaching unity: photoionization of TI

Böwering N, Salzmann M, Müller M, Klausing H-W, Heinzmann U. Photoelectron spin polarization approaching unity: photoionization of TI. Physica Scripta. 1990;41(4):429-432.It is shown that a complete photoelectron-spin polarization occurs independent of emission angle for two special sets of values of the dynamical photoionization parameters. In spin- and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of thallium the dynamical parameters were measured near the autoionization resonances at 149 nm and 82 nm. A pronounced angular variation of the polarization component A[Theta] was observed at 83 nm. For both resonances the parameters were found to approach different limiting values such that the length of the spin-polarization vector assumes values close to unity at all emission angles. The implications of these results for the corresponding dipole transition matrix elements are discussed

Eclipsis lunaris nuper visa et observata Wittenbergae anno MDCCXVIII.die IX.Septembr : in qua singularia ejusdem eclipseos notantur solidisque fundamentis superstruuntur

[Enthält u.a.: ]adduntur & schemata necessaria, quantum licuit, nitide elaborataauctore Henrico Klausing ..

Untersuchungen zur Bewertung des Einsatzes von Hafer, Ackerbohnen und Erbsen in der Schweinemast

Fuer Hafer war keine Obergrenze des Rationsanteils abzuleiten, bei gleichzeitigem Einsatz von Sojaoel ist aber die Fettqualitaet im Rueckenspeck zu beachten. Ackerbohnen in Rationen mit Weizen koennen die fehlenden Aminosaeuren (ausser Methionin) vollstaendig liefern. Bei vollstaendigem Ersatz des Lysins aus Sojaextraktionsschrot durch Lysin aus Erbsen koennen geringfuegige Minderleistungen auftreten. Beivollstaendigem Ersatz von Weizen durch Hafer bzw. Sojaschrot durch Erbsen sank der Rohproteingehalt in der Ration um 25 bzw. 14 %, die inden Exkrementen anfallende N-Menge wurde um 20 % gesenkt. Durch mehrmalige Anpassung der P-Versorgung wurde die mit den Exkrementen anfallende P-Menge gegenueber der Verwendung eines Mineralfutters um etwa 10 % reduziertSIGLEAvailable from: Bonn Univ. (Germany, F.R.). Universitaetsbibliothek / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekDEGerman

Observation of vibrational excitation in photoelectron spectroscopy of HI+2[Pi]

Böwering N, Klausing H-W, Müller M, Salzmann M, Heinzmann U. Observation of vibrational excitation in photoelectron spectroscopy of HI+2[Pi]. Chemical Physics Letters. 1992;189(4-5):467-472