Tanggapan Perseptual Guru Bahasa Inggris Di SD Se-surakarta Terhadap Kebijakan Pelaksanaan Mata Pelajaran Bahasa Inggris Di Sekolah Dasar

This qualitative descriptive study aims to describe how the perceptual response of teachersof English in primary schools towards the government policy related to the implementationof English subjects in elementary school. Population of this research is Englishteachers at the elementary school in Surakarta and takes a sample of English teachersfrom primary schools in partnership with UMS PGSD as many as 20 teachers ofEnglish. Methods of data collection in this study using observations, interviews anddocumentation, and analysis with interactive analysis. In this research, the elementaryteachers as research respondents divided into two groups of teachers who have educationalbackgrounds of English and non-English language. These two groups, dividedinto four categories. The first category are teachers who have a background in Englisheducation with teaching experience less than or equal to ten years. The second categoryare teachers with educational background in English with teaching experience morethan ten years. The third categoryare teachers with backgrounds non English with teachingexperience less than ten years. The fourth category are teachers with backgroundsnon English with teaching experience more than ten years. The findings found in perceptualresponse from the four categories of teachers, show that basically they comprehendthat the implementation of English subjects in elementary school is very importantdue to many reasons. The teachers agree toward the implementation of Englishsubject at elementary school as long as it is conducted seriously and in a professionalways rather than as a additional curriculum

Implementasi Model Pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris di SD di Surakarta

This research aims to investigate the English learning model applied in elementary school in Surakarta. The population of this research is elementary schools in Surakarta and four elementary schools act as a sample. This research applies qualitative approaches using interview, observation, and documentation to obtain the data. The findings show that elementary schools in Surakarta apply one of the KTSP Curriculum and 2013 Curriculum. Those who apply 2013 Curriculum, consider English as a local content and those which apply KTSP Curriculum, consider English as an extra curricula. In the teaching learning process, the teachers have applied several strategies like lecturing, discussion, and game. The learning sources used to teach is taken from many sources such as textbook, worksheet, and from the internet. There are a little bit obstacles in the teaching learning process such as the varieties of motivation, enthusiastic, and ability of the students. In the learning process, the students want to have varieties approach such as learning in the class, outing class, and using a story. Based on the information above, it can be concluded that English still become one subject in Surakarta elementary school and these school place English either as extra curricula or local content

Efektivitas Mata Kuliah Bahasa Inggris Di Pgsd Terhadap Keyakinan Dan Motivasi Mahasiswa Dalam Mengajar Bahasa Inggris Sdhonest

This research aims to investigate the effectiveness of four English courses at PGSD FKIPUMS towards the belief and motivation of the PGSD students to teach English to primarystudents. From the 130 questioners distributed, 130 are also returned, and the workingquestioners are just 125. Based on the results of the descriptive analysis shows that thosefour courses have been effective (mean statistic above 3 and mode 4). While the variablemode of beliefs have mean values above 3 and largely mode 3. These results indicate thatthe respondents have confi dence in moderate level to teach English to their students. Studentresponses regarding motivation in teaching English showed that students have the motivationin teaching English, but the motivation is on moderate level. This is showed by the mean scoreswhich is above 3 and most of the modes is 3. The results of the descriptive analysis showedthat students still require the need for additional training to teach English to prospectivestudents. These results indicated by the mean score of 4 and mode 4. From this data, it can beseen that the students needs an additional training to make them ready teaching English toChildren. The conclusion is the program of four English courses has been effective, howeverthe students is in the moderate level of belief and motivation to teach English to primarystudents, therefore the additional English course training for those students is needed

Implementation of Character Education Through the Values Exemplary Teachers, Students and Parents in Efforts to Strengthening Primary Students Character

The purpose of this study was to find a model to strengthen character education in an environment with an informal approach in Surakarta Muhammadiyah Elementary Education. The main methods developed in this study is a qualitative descriptive-reflective. Data collection involved observations of active and in-depth interviews with teachers, parents / guardians, and elementary school students. Data were analyzed with snowball technic of analysis models Milles Huberman. This study has several indicators of achievement each year. In the first study, the indicator is expected to map the development of character education through informal approach applied in the Basic Education in Surakarta.Pendidikan character Muhammadiyah expected to not only become an issue that has not been realized in the world of education in primary schools. Mapping will be obtained, among others: (1) an understanding of the character education of primary school teachers, (2) an understanding of elementary school students about character education, (3) understanding of parents / guardians about character education, (4) the proper understanding of character education is taught in elementary school , (5) which has been implemented character education in elementary school. Results of this research can be applied in primary education environment, in accordance with the mission of the study program is organized PGSD service, cooperation and development education elementary school level

Trial protocol OPPTIMUM : does progesterone prophylaxis for the prevention of preterm labour improve outcome?

Background Preterm birth is a global problem, with a prevalence of 8 to 12% depending on location. Several large trials and systematic reviews have shown progestogens to be effective in preventing or delaying preterm birth in selected high risk women with a singleton pregnancy (including those with a short cervix or previous preterm birth). Although an improvement in short term neonatal outcomes has been shown in some trials these have not consistently been confirmed in meta-analyses. Additionally data on longer term outcomes is limited to a single trial where no difference in outcomes was demonstrated at four years of age of the child, despite those in the “progesterone” group having a lower incidence of preterm birth. Methods/Design The OPPTIMUM study is a double blind randomized placebo controlled trial to determine whether progesterone prophylaxis to prevent preterm birth has long term neonatal or infant benefit. Specifically it will study whether, in women with singleton pregnancy and at high risk of preterm labour, prophylactic vaginal natural progesterone, 200 mg daily from 22 – 34 weeks gestation, compared to placebo, improves obstetric outcome by lengthening pregnancy thus reducing the incidence of preterm delivery (before 34 weeks), improves neonatal outcome by reducing a composite of death and major morbidity, and leads to improved childhood cognitive and neurosensory outcomes at two years of age. Recruitment began in 2009 and is scheduled to close in Spring 2013. As of May 2012, over 800 women had been randomized in 60 sites. Discussion OPPTIMUM will provide further evidence on the effectiveness of vaginal progesterone for prevention of preterm birth and improvement of neonatal outcomes in selected groups of women with singleton pregnancy at high risk of preterm birth. Additionally it will determine whether any reduction in the incidence of preterm birth is accompanied by improved childhood outcome

Screening to prevent spontaneous preterm birth: systematic reviews of accuracy and effectiveness literature with economic modelling.

Published version. Copyright © 2008 NIHR Health Technology Assessment ProgrammeOBJECTIVES: To identify combinations of tests and treatments to predict and prevent spontaneous preterm birth. DATA SOURCES: Searches were run on the following databases up to September 2005 inclusive: MEDLINE, EMBASE, DARE, the Cochrane Library (CENTRAL and Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group trials register) and MEDION. We also contacted experts including the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group and checked reference lists of review articles and papers that were eligible for inclusion. REVIEW METHODS: Two series of systematic reviews were performed: (1) accuracy of tests for the prediction of spontaneous preterm birth in asymptomatic women in early pregnancy and in women symptomatic with threatened preterm labour in later pregnancy; (2) effectiveness of interventions with potential to reduce cases of spontaneous preterm birth in asymptomatic women in early pregnancy and to reduce spontaneous preterm birth or improve neonatal outcome in women with a viable pregnancy symptomatic of threatened preterm labour. For the health economic evaluation, a model-based analysis incorporated the combined effect of tests and treatments and their cost-effectiveness. RESULTS: Of the 22 tests reviewed for accuracy, the quality of studies and accuracy of tests was generally poor. Only a few tests had LR+ > 5. In asymptomatic women these were ultrasonographic cervical length measurement and cervicovaginal prolactin and fetal fibronectin screening for predicting spontaneous preterm birth before 34 weeks. In this group, tests with LR- 5 were absence of fetal breathing movements, cervical length and funnelling, amniotic fluid interleukin-6 (IL-6), serum CRP for predicting birth within 2-7 days of testing, and matrix metalloprotease-9, amniotic fluid IL-6, cervicovaginal fetal fibronectin and cervicovaginal human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) for predicting birth before 34 or 37 weeks. In this group, tests with LR- < 0.2 included measurement of cervicovaginal IL-8, cervicovaginal hCG, cervical length measurement, absence of fetal breathing movement, amniotic fluid IL-6 and serum CRP, for predicting birth within 2-7 days of testing, and cervicovaginal fetal fibronectin and amniotic fluid IL-6 for predicting birth before 34 or 37 weeks. The overall quality of the trials included in the 40 interventional topics reviewed for effectiveness was also poor. Antibiotic treatment was generally not beneficial but when used to treat bacterial vaginosis in women with intermediate flora it significantly reduced the incidence of spontaneous preterm birth. Smoking cessation programmes, progesterone, periodontal therapy and fish oil appeared promising as preventative interventions in asymptomatic women. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents were the most effective tocolytic agent for reducing spontaneous preterm birth and prolonging pregnancy in symptomatic women. Antenatal corticosteroids had a beneficial effect on the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome and the risk of intraventricular haemorrhage (28-34 weeks), but the effects of repeat courses were unclear. For asymptomatic women, costs ranged from 1.08 pounds for vitamin C to 1219 pounds for cervical cerclage, whereas costs for symptomatic women were more significant and varied little, ranging from 1645 pounds for nitric oxide donors to 2555 pounds for terbutaline; this was because the cost of hospitalisation was included. The best estimate of additional average cost associated with a case of spontaneous preterm birth was approximately 15,688 pounds for up to 34 weeks and 12,104 pounds for up to 37 weeks. Among symptomatic women there was insufficient evidence to draw firm conclusions for preventing birth at 34 weeks. Hydration given to women testing positive for amniotic fluid IL-6 was the most cost-effective test-treatment combination. Indomethacin given to all women without any initial testing was the most cost-effective option for preventing birth before 37 weeks among symptomatic women. For a symptomatic woman, the most cost-effective test-treatment combination for postponing delivery by at least 48 h was the cervical length (15 mm) measurement test with treatment with indomethacin for all those testing positive. This combination was also the most cost-effective option for postponing delivery by at least 7 days. Antibiotic treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria of all women without any initial testing was the most cost-effective option for preventing birth before 37 weeks among asymptomatic women but this does not take into account the potential side effects of antibiotics or issues such as increased resistance. CONCLUSIONS: For primary prevention, an effective, affordable and safe intervention applied to all mothers without preceding testing is likely to be the most cost-effective approach in asymptomatic women in early pregnancy. For secondary prevention among women at risk of preterm labour in later pregnancy, a management strategy based on the results of testing is likely to be more cost-effective. Implementation of a treat-all strategy with simple interventions, such as fish oils, would be premature for asymptomatic women. Universal provision of high-quality ultrasound machines in labour wards is more strongly indicated for predicting spontaneous preterm birth among symptomatic women than direct management, although staffing issues and the feasibility and acceptability to mothers and health providers of such strategies need to be explored. Further research should include investigations of low-cost and effective tests and treatments to reduce and delay spontaneous preterm birth and reduce the risk of perinatal mortality arising from preterm birth

The effect of maternal anthropometric characteristics and social factors on gestational age and birth weight in Sudanese newborn infants

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In Africa low birth weight (LBW) (<2500 g), is the strongest determinant of infant morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to quantify the effect of maternal anthropometry, education and socio-economic status on gestational age and birth weight.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>In 1000 Sudanese mothers with singleton births, anthropometric measurements (weight, height, mid-arm circumference) and newborn birth weight were taken within 24 hours of delivery. Furthermore, maternal education and socio-economic status were recorded. The effect of these maternal variables on gestational age and birth weight was investigated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and by multivariate logistic regression analysis.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Although maternal height was significantly correlated (p = 0.002) with gestational age, we did not find maternal characteristics of value in determining the risk for preterm birth. Birth order was the strongest determinant of birth weight compared to other maternal characteristics. The LBW rate of first born babies of 12.2% was nearly twice that of infants of multiparous mothers. Maternal age and all maternal anthropometric measurements were positively correlated (p < 0.001) with birth weight. A maternal height of <156 cm, a maternal weight of <66 kg, a maternal mid arm circumference of <27 cm and years of education of ≤ 8 years were found to increase the relative risk of LBW but this was statistically significant only in the case of maternal height. Maternal age and BMI had no statistically significant effect on determining the risk for LBW. The social class did not affect the birth weight, while the number of years of education was positively correlated with birth weight (p = 0.01). The LBW rate decreased from 9.2% for ≤ 8 years of education to 6.0% for >12 years of education.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Birth order and maternal height were found to be the most important maternal parameters which influences birth weight and the risk for LBW. The duration of maternal education and not social class was found to significantly affect the risk for LBW.</p

The quality of reporting of primary test accuracy studies in obstetrics and gynaecology: application of the STARD criteria

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In obstetrics and gynaecology there has been a rapid growth in the development of new tests and primary studies of their accuracy. It is imperative that such studies are reported with transparency allowing the detection of any potential bias that may invalidate the results. The objective of this study was to determine the quality of reporting in diagnostic test accuracy studies in obstetrics and gynaecology using the Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy - STARD checklist.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The included studies of ten systematic reviews were assessed for compliance with each of the reporting criteria. Using appropriate statistical tests we investigated whether there was an improvement in reporting quality since the introduction of the STARD checklist, whether a correlation existed between study sample size, country of origin of study and reporting quality.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A total of 300 studies were included (195 for obstetrics, 105 for gynaecology). The overall reporting quality of included studies to the STARD criteria was poor. Obstetric studies reported adequately > 50% of the time for 62.1% (18/29) of the items while gynaecologic studies did the same 51.7% (15/29). There was a greater mean compliance with STARD criteria in the included obstetric studies than the gynaecological (p < 0.0001). There was a positive correlation, in both obstetrics (p < 0.0001) and gynaecology (p = 0.0123), between study sample size and reporting quality. No correlation between geographical area of publication and compliance with the reporting criteria could be demonstrated.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The reporting quality of papers in obstetrics and gynaecology is improving. This may be due to initiatives such as the STARD checklist as well as historical progress in awareness among authors of the need to accurately report studies. There is however considerable scope for further improvement.</p

Chapter 4: Effective Search Strategies for Systematic Reviews of Medical Tests

This article discusses techniques that are appropriate when developing search strategies for systematic reviews of medical tests. This includes general advice for searching for systematic reviews and issues specific to systematic reviews of medical tests. Diagnostic search filters are currently not sufficiently developed for use when searching for systematic reviews. Instead, authors should construct a highly sensitive search strategy that uses both controlled vocabulary and text words. A comprehensive search should include multiple databases and sources of grey literature. A list of subject-specific databases is included in this article