Holographic entanglement entropy for small subregions and thermalization of Born-Infeld AdS black holes

AApplying the Born-Infeld Anti de Sitter charged black hole metric we calculate holographic entanglement entropy (HEE) by regarding the proposal of Ryu and Takanayagi. To do so we assume that time dependence of the black hole mass and charge to be as step function. Our work is restricted to small subregions where a collapsing null shell dose not penetrate the black holes horizon. To calculate time dependent HEE we use perturbation method for small subregions where turning point is much smaller than local equilibrium point of black hole. We choose two shape functions for entangled regions on the boundary which are the strip and the ball regions. There is a saturation time at which the null shell grazes the turning point and the HEE reaches to its maximum value. In general, this work satisfies result of the works presented by Camelio et al and Zeng et al. We must point out that they used equal time two-point correlation functions and Wilson loops instead of the entanglement entropy (EE) as non-local observable to study this thermalization by applying the numerical method.Comment: 29 pages, 3 figure

Evaluation of antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts and some fractions of Salvia verticillata L. using three different methods

Background: Bradykinin has effects on histaminic response,vessels seepage,cellular reproduction,causing fever, pain and coughs caused by ACE controllers (3,4,6). Noscapin has controlled Bradykinins contractional effects on guinea pigs trachea and rats vazodofran (5,6). noscapin stops the secondary effects of eskimi in brains edema, with antagonizing the responses caused by Bradykinin (3,4,8). Objective: considering that opium's alkaloids act as agonist of peptide systems like ankephalins and RAS, its interesting to know the effects of this alkaloids and among them Noscapine on B3 Bradykinin receptors on smooth muscle guinea pig trachea? Method: All variables are reported as mean and standard deviation. We have used pair test and the informations were processed by Excel, Statistical analysis with ANOVA (LSD) SPSS 9. Results: we took diagrams in to consideration and indicated that the contract ional effect of Bradykinin decreased dependent on density, in presence of three different amount of noscapines concentration. In this study we could demonstrate that noscapine interact with Bradykenin as a non competitive antagonist

Teaching and Learning Pharmaceutical Code of Ethics as a Syllabus

"nPharmacy, being a profession which its activities are directly related to the health and wellbeing of the people and soci­ety has been described an ethical profession from earliest time. In the recent decades there has been a shift in the phar­macist role from dispensing to relationship with patients and health care providers and interfere the therapeutic process. Other branches of pharmacy such as producers, distributors and etc. will certainly have the same responsibilities. In this respect, student of pharmacy, besides his professional education needs learning social, behavioral, communicational sciences as well as the principles code of pharmaceutical ethics. Therefore, teaching and learning principles code of ethics seems as an obli­gation. These principles are a guide to the standards of conduct. Furthermore, rapid progress of biotechnology, nanotech­nology and increase cost of new drugs are factors presented the importance of the study of eth­ics in pharmacy. Therefore, setting syllabus in pharmacy law and ethics is a need for undergraduate and even post­graduate students. The code, therefore attempts to define principles to be born in mind. It is the pharmacist who must interpret them in the light of pharmacy prac­tice

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Heliotropium transoxanum Bunge

Background and objectives: The plants belonging to the genus Heliotropium L. (Boraginaceae) are the main sources of toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). In the present study, we have investigated the PAs of the aerial parts of Heliotropium transoxanum Bunge, a perennial species native to Iran. Methods: Silica gel column chromatography and silica gel PTLC were applied for the isolation of PAs present in the total methanol extract of H. transoxanum. The structures of the isolated compounds were identified using 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and EIMS spectral analyses. Results: Three PAs, heliotrine (1), lasiocarpine (2) and heliotrine N-oxide (3),with known mutagenic and genotoxic properties, were isolated from the aerial parts of H. transoxanum. Conclusion: The results of this study on the presence of toxic PAs in H. transoxanum introduce this herb as a poisonous species and also suggest it as an appropriate source for the isolation of heliotrine and lasiocarpine for further toxicological and pharmacological studies