Eskalasi dan Force Majeur dalam Perundang - Undangan Jasa Konstruksi

Escalation is a legal instrument for the contractor to submit a price adjustment in terms of increasing the cost of implementing the value of the work to the value of the work at the time the contract was agreed to form a multi-year contract unit price. In its application the government through a joint decision of the Minister of Finance and the Minister of Public Works in 2008 and in 2013, imposes an escalation of all the projects that will be or are in the stages of processing due to rising prices of raw materials kontsruksi as the impact of rising fuel. Legislation construction services do not define the limits and the escalation of force majeure. Restrictions state is necessary as a handle to gain a complete understanding of the escalation and force majeure. From these results it can be seen escalation may be filed if the service providers comply with the limits that state, the rising cost of execution of work, increasing the cost of implementing such work can not be predicted by the service provider when the contract was agreed, bound service providers complete the work, and service providers are able to complete work, while the force majeure may be submitted by service providers if they meet the restrictions that state, the incident involuntary service providers, events beyond the ability of service providers to complete the work, due to the events that led to losses for service users

The Effect of Push-Up Exercise and Dumbbell Exercise Overhead The Passing Ability of Volleyball Games of SMPN 20 Makassar Extracurricular Participants

This researcher aims to determine the effect of push-up exercises and dumbbell exercises on the overhead passing ability of volleyball extracurricular participants at SMPN 20 Makassar. The population in this study were students of SMP Negeri 20 Makassar. A sample of 40 people was taken based on random sampling. The dependent variable of the research is the ability to pass under volleyball. The independent variables are push-ups and dumbbell exercises. The research method is an experimental method with a one-group pretest-posttest research design. The research data were analyzed using paired and unpaired t-test techniques at a significance level of 95%. The results of the study showed that: (1) There was a significant effect of push-up training on the passing ability of volleyball extracurricular participants at SMPN 20 Makassar. The results of testing the data obtained a t-count value of 15.891 and t-table obtained 1.729 and a significance value of 0.000 <α0.05, so these results indicate that there is a significant difference. Because the t-count is greater than the t-table, so Ho is rejected. (2) There is a significant effect of dumbbell training overhead passing ability in volleyball extracurricular participants at SMPN 20 Makassar. The results of data testing obtained a t-count value of 14.311 and t-table obtained 1.729, and a significance value of 0.000 <α0.05, so these results indicate that there is a significant difference. Because the t-count is greater than the t-table, so Ho is rejected. And (3) there is a significant difference in the effect of push-ups and dumbbell exercises on overhead passing abilities in volleyball extracurricular participants at SMPN 20 Makassar. The results of data testing obtained a t-count value of 3.440 and a t-table obtained 2.021, and a significance value of 0.001 <0.05, so these results indicate that there is a significant difference. Because the t-count is greater than the t-table, so Ho is rejected. The magnitude of the increase in the push-up group (average value 16.4500) with dumbbell exercises (average value 13.9000) can be seen from the data with an average difference of 2.5500 points. This shows that push-up exercises can improve passing skills in volleyball games for extracurricular participants at SMPN 20 Makassar compared to dumbbell exercises

Identification of a novel truncating PALB2 mutation and analysis of its contribution to early-onset breast cancer in French-Canadian women

Abstract Background PALB2 has recently been identified as a breast cancer susceptibility gene. PALB2 mutations are rare causes of hereditary breast cancer but may be important in countries such as Finland where a founder mutation is present. We sought to estimate the contribution of PALB2 mutations to the burden of breast cancer in French Canadians from Quebec. Methods We screened all coding exons of PALB2 in a sample of 50 French-Canadian women diagnosed with either early-onset breast cancer or familial breast cancer at a single Montreal hospital. The genetic variants identified in this sample were then studied in 356 additional women with breast cancer diagnosed before age 50 and in 6,448 newborn controls. Results We identified a single protein-truncating mutation in PALB2 (c.2323 C>T, resulting in Q775X) in 1 of the 50 high-risk women. This variant was present in 2 of 356 breast cancer cases and in none of 6,440 newborn French-Canadian controls (P = 0.003). We also identified two novel new non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms in exon 4 of PALB2 (c.5038 A>G [I76V] and c.5156 G>T [G115V]). G115V was found in 1 of 356 cases and in 15 of 6,442 controls (P = 0.6). The I76V variant was not identified in either the extended case series or the controls. Conclusion We have identified a novel truncating mutation in PALB2. The mutation was found in approximately 0.5% of unselected French-Canadian women with early-onset breast cancer and appears to have a single origin. Although mutations are infrequent, PALB2 can be added to the list of breast cancer susceptibility genes for which founder mutations have been identified in the French-Canadian population

Advances in genetics: widening our understanding of prostate cancer

Prostate cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death in Western men. Our understanding of the genetic alterations associated with disease predisposition, development, progression, and therapy response is rapidly improving, at least in part, owing to the development of next-generation sequencing technologies. Large advances have been made in our understanding of the genetics of prostate cancer through the application of whole-exome sequencing, and this review summarises recent advances in this field and discusses how exome sequencing could be used clinically to promote personalised medicine for prostate cancer patients.</ns4:p