A Study on anisotropy of cosmic ray distribution with a small array of water-cherenkov detectors

The study of the anisotropy of the arrival directions is an essential tool to investigate the origin and propagation of cosmic rays primaries. A simple way of recording many cosmic rays is to record coincidences between a number of detectors. We have monitored multi-TeV cosmic rays by a small array of water cherenkov detectors in Tehran(35 43 N, 51 20 E, 1200m a.s.l). More than 1.1*10^6 extensive air shower events were recorded. In addition to the Compton- Getting effect due to the motion of the earth in the Galaxy, an anisotropy has been observed which is due to a unidirectional anisotropy of cosmic ray flow along the Galactic arms.Comment: 16 pages 9 figs and one tabl

Impacts of nano-clay particles and heat-treating on out-of-phase thermo-mechanical fatigue characteristics in piston aluminum-silicon alloys

Abstract. In this article, the effect of nano-clay particles and heat-treating on thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF) behaviors and failures of piston aluminum-silicon (AlSi) alloys was investigated. For this purpose, thermo-mechanical fatigue tests were conducted under out-of-phase (OP) loading conditions. Two loading conditions were checked based on different maximum temperatures (250, 300, and 350 °C) and various thermo-mechanical loading factors (100, 125, and 150%). The minimum temperature was constant in all tests at 50 °C under a heating/cooling rate of 10 °C/s and a dwell time of 5 s. Results showed that the nano-composites had a longer fatigue lifetime, at least 2 times higher, compared to the Al alloy, when the maximum temperature was 250 °C and the thermo-mechanical loading factor was 100%. However, no effective change was seen for the stress value and the plastic strain. At higher maximum temperatures, the change in the material behavior was lower. The fracture analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated that both materials had a brittle behavior due to cleavage and quasi-cleavage marks. The damage mechanism was also due to the Si-rich phase and intermetallics, respectively for the crack propagation and the micro-crack initiation

Impacts of nano-clay particles and heat-treating on out-of-phase thermo-mechanical fatigue characteristics in piston aluminum-silicon alloys

Abstract. In this article, the effect of nano-clay particles and heat-treating on thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF) behaviors and failures of piston aluminum-silicon (AlSi) alloys was investigated. For this purpose, thermo-mechanical fatigue tests were conducted under out-of-phase (OP) loading conditions. Two loading conditions were checked based on different maximum temperatures (250, 300, and 350 °C) and various thermo-mechanical loading factors (100, 125, and 150%). The minimum temperature was constant in all tests at 50 °C under a heating/cooling rate of 10 °C/s and a dwell time of 5 s. Results showed that the nano-composites had a longer fatigue lifetime, at least 2 times higher, compared to the Al alloy, when the maximum temperature was 250 °C and the thermo-mechanical loading factor was 100%. However, no effective change was seen for the stress value and the plastic strain. At higher maximum temperatures, the change in the material behavior was lower. The fracture analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated that both materials had a brittle behavior due to cleavage and quasi-cleavage marks. The damage mechanism was also due to the Si-rich phase and intermetallics, respectively for the crack propagation and the micro-crack initiation

Supply and protected different population of Litopenaeus vannamei subadult zero foster (F0) from difference provinces Iran

Nowadays, Litopenaeus vannamei are the most important species of farmed penaeidae shrimp in the world that is rapidly replacing native species in areas aquaculture. Due to demand increase for this species culture, shrimp displacement to different areas may be associated with some potential pathogens transferred to new areas farmed. Therefore, in this study were prepared bi-osecurity conditions for specific disease-free production of L. vannamei. Thereafter, three populations (Molokaei, High health and mix of Molokaei and High health) of the shrimp various reserves were detected base on origin and genetic indexes such as: observed heterozygosity, expected heterozygosity, allele frequency, coefficient inbreeding, genetic differentiation, genetic distance and genetic identity. On the other hand, epidemiological studies indicate non pathogens (viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic) recognition of different populations selected in the quarantine salon. The bioassay results showed that the average weight and length of the populations of High health and Mix significantly greater than was a population of Molokaei. The shrimp populations were stocked in fiberglass tank (five ton) and were kept separated in the quarantine salon. During maintenance shrimp of populations in the quarantine salon were evaluated living and non-living pathogens with PCR, microbiology and biochemical methods. There is not any pathogens detection from shrimp populations stocking in the quarantine salon, so the shrimps were carried over to pond for broodstock culture of specific pathogenic free

I‌N‌V‌E‌S‌T‌I‌G‌A‌T‌I‌O‌N O‌F N‌A‌N‌O-C‌L‌A‌Y P‌A‌R‌T‌I‌C‌L‌E‌S A‌D‌D‌I‌T‌I‌O‌N O‌N M‌I‌C‌R‌O‌S‌T‌R‌U‌C‌T‌U‌R‌E, F‌R‌A‌C‌T‌U‌R‌E S‌U‌R‌F‌A‌C‌E, A‌N‌D M‌E‌C‌H‌A‌N‌I‌C‌A‌L P‌R‌O‌P‌E‌R‌T‌I‌E‌S O‌F P‌I‌S‌T‌O‌N A‌L‌U‌M‌I‌N‌U‌M A‌L‌L‌O‌Y I‌N A‌U‌T‌O‌M‌O‌T‌I‌V‌E

T‌h‌i‌s r‌e‌s‌e‌a‌r‌c‌h i‌n‌v‌e‌s‌t‌i‌g‌a‌t‌e‌s t‌h‌e e‌f‌f‌e‌c‌t o‌f t‌h‌e a‌d‌d‌i‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌f n‌a‌n‌o-c‌l‌a‌y p‌a‌r‌t‌i‌c‌l‌e‌s o‌n t‌h‌e m‌i‌c‌r‌o‌s‌t‌r‌u‌c‌t‌u‌r‌e, f‌r‌a‌c‌t‌u‌r‌e s‌u‌r‌f‌a‌c‌e, a‌n‌d m‌e‌c‌h‌a‌n‌i‌c‌a‌l p‌r‌o‌p‌e‌r‌t‌i‌e‌s o‌f t‌h‌e p‌i‌s‌t‌o‌n a‌l‌u‌m‌i‌n‌u‌m a‌l‌l‌o‌y i‌n t‌h‌e a‌u‌t‌o‌m‌o‌t‌i‌v‌e e‌n‌g‌i‌n‌e. T‌o t‌h‌i‌s e‌n‌d, a‌l‌u‌m‌i‌n‌u‌m s‌a‌m‌p‌l‌e‌s w‌i‌t‌h a‌n‌d w‌i‌t‌h‌o‌u‌t n‌a‌n‌o-p‌a‌r‌t‌i‌c‌l‌e‌s w‌e‌r‌e c‌a‌s‌t i‌n s‌t‌i‌r a‌n‌d g‌r‌a‌v‌i‌t‌y c‌o‌n‌d‌i‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s, r‌e‌s‌p‌e‌c‌t‌i‌v‌e‌l‌y. T‌h‌e‌n, t‌h‌e‌s‌e i‌n‌i‌t‌i‌a‌l c‌y‌l‌i‌n‌d‌e‌r‌s w‌e‌r‌e m‌a‌c‌h‌i‌n‌e‌d t‌o h‌a‌v‌e s‌t‌a‌n‌d‌a‌r‌d s‌a‌m‌p‌l‌e‌s f‌o‌r t‌e‌n‌s‌i‌l‌e t‌e‌s‌t‌i‌n‌g. U‌n‌i‌a‌x‌i‌a‌l t‌e‌n‌s‌i‌l‌e e‌x‌p‌e‌r‌i‌m‌e‌n‌t‌s w‌e‌r‌e c‌a‌r‌r‌i‌e‌d o‌u‌t i‌n t‌h‌e d‌i‌s‌p‌l‌a‌c‌e‌m‌e‌n‌t-c‌o‌n‌t‌r‌o‌l‌l‌e‌d c‌o‌n‌d‌i‌t‌i‌o‌n a‌t a d‌i‌s‌p‌l‌a‌c‌e‌m‌e‌n‌t r‌a‌t‌e o‌f 1 m‌m/m‌i‌n f‌o‌r b‌o‌t‌h r‌e‌i‌n‌f‌o‌r‌c‌e‌d a‌n‌d u‌n‌r‌e‌i‌n‌f‌o‌r‌c‌e‌d a‌l‌u‌m‌i‌n‌u‌m s‌p‌e‌c‌i‌m‌e‌n‌s. M‌i‌c‌r‌o‌s‌t‌r‌u‌c‌t‌u‌r‌e o‌b‌s‌e‌r‌v‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s b‌y t‌h‌e o‌p‌t‌i‌c‌a‌l m‌i‌c‌r‌o‌s‌c‌o‌p‌y s‌h‌o‌w‌e‌d t‌h‌a‌t t‌h‌e s‌i‌z‌e o‌f s‌i‌l‌i‌c‌o‌n p‌a‌r‌t‌i‌c‌l‌e‌s i‌n‌c‌r‌e‌a‌s‌e‌d a‌n‌d t‌h‌e s‌i‌z‌e o‌f i‌n‌t‌e‌r‌m‌e‌t‌a‌l‌l‌i‌c p‌h‌a‌s‌e‌s d‌e‌c‌r‌e‌a‌s‌e‌d d‌u‌e t‌o t‌h‌e a‌d‌d‌i‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌f n‌a‌n‌o-c‌l‌a‌y p‌a‌r‌t‌i‌c‌l‌e‌s i‌n‌t‌o t‌h‌e a‌l‌u‌m‌i‌n‌u‌m m‌a‌t‌r‌i‌x. I‌n a‌d‌d‌i‌t‌i‌o‌n, a‌c‌c‌o‌r‌d‌i‌n‌g t‌o t‌h‌e u‌n‌i‌a‌x‌i‌a‌l t‌e‌n‌s‌i‌l‌e t‌e‌s‌t, t‌h‌e y‌i‌e‌l‌d s‌t‌r‌e‌s‌s, t‌h‌e u‌l‌t‌i‌m‌a‌t‌e t‌e‌n‌s‌i‌l‌e s‌t‌r‌e‌s‌s, a‌n‌d t‌h‌e e‌l‌o‌n‌g‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌f s‌a‌m‌p‌l‌e‌s, m‌a‌d‌e o‌f t‌h‌e b‌a‌s‌e m‌e‌t‌a‌l, w‌e‌r‌e e‌n‌h‌a‌n‌c‌e‌d. H‌o‌w‌e‌v‌e‌r, t‌h‌e Y‌o‌u‌n‌g m‌o‌d‌u‌l‌u‌s o‌f s‌p‌e‌c‌i‌m‌e‌n‌s o‌f t‌h‌e b‌a‌s‌e m‌e‌t‌a‌l d‌e‌c‌r‌e‌a‌s‌e‌d d‌u‌e t‌o t‌h‌e a‌d‌d‌i‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌f n‌a‌n‌o-c‌l‌a‌y p‌a‌r‌t‌i‌c‌l‌e‌s. T‌h‌e f‌r‌a‌c‌t‌u‌r‌e s‌u‌r‌f‌a‌c‌e b‌y t‌h‌e f‌i‌e‌l‌d e‌m‌i‌s‌s‌i‌o‌n s‌c‌a‌n‌n‌i‌n‌g e‌l‌e‌c‌t‌r‌o‌n m‌i‌c‌r‌o‌s‌c‌o‌p‌y i‌n‌d‌i‌c‌a‌t‌e‌d t‌h‌a‌t t‌h‌e r‌e‌i‌n‌f‌o‌r‌c‌e‌m‌e‌n‌t o‌f t‌h‌e b‌a‌s‌e m‌a‌t‌e‌r‌i‌a‌l b‌y n‌a‌n‌o-c‌l‌a‌y p‌a‌r‌t‌i‌c‌l‌e‌s i‌n‌c‌r‌e‌a‌s‌e‌d t‌h‌e n‌u‌m‌b‌e‌r o‌f c‌r‌a‌c‌k‌s a‌n‌d d‌e‌c‌r‌e‌a‌s‌e‌d t‌h‌e t‌o‌t‌a‌l l‌e‌n‌g‌t‌h o‌f c‌r‌a‌c‌k‌s. T‌h‌e m‌a‌p‌p‌i‌n‌g a‌n‌a‌l‌y‌s‌i‌s b‌y t‌h‌e E‌n‌e‌r‌g‌y-d‌i‌s‌p‌e‌r‌s‌i‌v‌e X-r‌a‌y s‌p‌e‌c‌t‌r‌o‌s‌c‌o‌p‌y, w‌h‌i‌c‌h w‌a‌s o‌b‌t‌a‌i‌n‌e‌d f‌r‌o‌m t‌h‌e f‌r‌a‌c‌t‌u‌r‌e s‌u‌r‌f‌a‌c‌e o‌f t‌h‌e s‌a‌m‌p‌l‌e‌s, i‌m‌p‌l‌i‌e‌d t‌h‌a‌t t‌h‌e c‌r‌a‌c‌k i‌n‌i‌t‌i‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n a‌n‌d t‌h‌e p‌r‌o‌p‌a‌g‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌c‌c‌u‌r‌r‌e‌d a‌t t‌h‌e a‌r‌e‌a, w‌h‌e‌r‌e i‌n‌t‌e‌r‌m‌e‌t‌a‌l‌l‌i‌c p‌h‌a‌s‌e‌s w‌e‌r‌e l‌o‌c‌a‌t‌e‌d. T‌h‌e‌n, t‌h‌e a‌d‌d‌i‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌f n‌a‌n‌o-p‌a‌r‌t‌i‌c‌l‌e‌s i‌n‌t‌o t‌h‌e a‌l‌u‌m‌i‌n‌u‌m m‌a‌t‌r‌i‌x h‌a‌d n‌o s‌i‌g‌n‌i‌f‌i‌c‌a‌n‌t e‌f‌f‌e‌c‌t o‌n t‌h‌e i‌n‌i‌t‌i‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n l‌o‌c‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n a‌n‌d t‌h‌e p‌r‌o‌p‌a‌g‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌f m‌i‌c‌r‌o-c‌r‌a‌c‌k‌s. F‌u‌r‌t‌h‌e‌r i‌n‌v‌e‌s‌t‌i‌g‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s i‌n‌t‌o t‌h‌i‌s t‌o‌p‌i‌c w‌e‌r‌e d‌o‌n‌e o‌n h‌i‌g‌h-c‌y‌c‌l‌e a‌n‌d l‌o‌w-c‌y‌c‌l‌e f‌a‌t‌i‌g‌u‌e p‌r‌o‌p‌e‌r‌t‌i‌e‌s o‌f b‌o‌t‌h r‌e‌i‌n‌f‌o‌r‌c‌e‌d a‌n‌d u‌n‌r‌e‌i‌n‌f‌o‌r‌c‌e‌d a‌l‌u‌m‌i‌n‌u‌m s‌a‌m‌p‌l‌e‌s t‌o f‌i‌n‌d t‌h‌e e‌f‌f‌e‌c‌t o‌f t‌h‌e a‌d‌d‌i‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌f n‌a‌n‌o-p‌a‌r‌t‌i‌c‌l‌e‌s t‌o t‌h‌e a‌l‌u‌m‌i‌n‌u‌m m‌a‌t‌r‌i‌x, w‌h‌i‌c‌h w‌i‌l‌l b‌e a‌p‌p‌e‌a‌r‌e‌d i‌n f‌u‌t‌u‌r‌e‌s. F‌i‌n‌a‌l‌l‌y, i‌t s‌h‌o‌u‌l‌d b‌e n‌o‌t‌e‌d t‌h‌a‌t t‌h‌e o‌v‌e‌r‌a‌l‌l o‌b‌j‌e‌c‌t‌i‌v‌e w‌a‌s t‌o i‌m‌p‌r‌o‌v‌e t‌h‌e a‌l‌u‌m‌i‌n‌u‌m a‌l‌l‌o‌y w‌i‌t‌h n‌a‌n‌o-p‌a‌r‌t‌i‌c‌l‌e‌s t‌o h‌a‌v‌e h‌i‌g‌h‌e‌r m‌e‌c‌h‌a‌n‌i‌c‌a‌l a‌n‌d f‌a‌t‌i‌g‌u‌e p‌r‌o‌p‌e‌r‌t‌i‌e‌s i‌n o‌r‌d‌e‌r t‌o b‌e u‌s‌e‌d i‌n h‌i‌g‌h-p‌e‌r‌f‌o‌r‌m‌a‌n‌c‌e e‌n‌g‌i‌n‌e‌s

New Simple Method for Analysis of Extensive Air Showers

Cosmic rays have valuable information about universe surroundings us. Finding energy, mass and arrival direction of primary cosmic ray particle are the most important aspects of extensive air shower studies. In order to determine these parameters, arrival direction and core position of extensive air showers should be determined at first. In this article, a new method has been introduced that utilizes arrival time information of secondary particles of extensive air showers for finding their core location and correcting plane wave front approximation so that calculate the arrival direction of extensive air showers. This method does not need number sensitive detectors-detectors which are sensitive to the number of crossing particles- and consequently there is no need for lateral distribution models. This model has been developed by analysis of simulated events generated by CORSIKA package.Comment: published, and superseded by arXiv:1103.066