Designing economic instruments for the environment in a decentralized fiscal system

When external effects are important, markets will be inefficient, and economists have considered several broad classes of economic instruments to correct these inefficiencies. However, the standard economic analysis has tended to neglect important distinctions and interactions between the geographic scope of pollutants, the enforcement authority of various levels of government, and the fiscal responsibilities of the levels of government. For example, externalities generated in a particular local area may be confined to the local area or may spill over to other jurisdictions. Also, local governments may be well informed about how best to regulate or enforce pollution control within their jurisdiction, but they may not consider the effects of their actions on other jurisdictions. Finally, the existence of locally-generated waste emissions affects the appropriate assignment of both expenditure and tax responsibilities among levels of government. The standard analysis therefore focuses mainly upon an aggregate (or national) perspective, it typically ignores the possibility that the externality may be created and addressed by local governments, and it does not consider the implications of decentralization for the design of economic instruments targeted at environmental problems. This paper examines the implications of decentralization for the design of corrective policies; that is, how does one design economic instruments in a decentralized fiscal system in which externalities exist at the local level and in which subnational governments have the power to provide local public services, as well as to choose tax instruments that can both finance these expenditures and correct the market failures of externalities?Environmental Economics&Policies,Debt Markets,Taxation&Subsidies,Public Sector Economics&Finance,Emerging Markets

Designing Economic Instruments for the Environment in a Decentralized Fiscal System

When external effects are important, markets will be inefficient, and economists have considered several broad classes of economic instruments to correct these inefficiencies. However, the standard economic analysis has tended to take the region, and the government, as a given; that is, this work has neglected important distinctions and interactions between the geographic scope of different pollutants, the enforcement authority of various levels of government, and the fiscal responsibilities of the various levels of government. It typically ignores the possibility that the externality may be created and addressed by local governments, and it does not consider the implications of decentralization for the design of economic instruments targeted at environmental problems. This paper examines the implications of decentralization for the design of corrective policies; that is, how does one design economic instruments in a decentralized fiscal system in which externalities exist at the local level and in which subnational governments have the power to provide local public services and to choose tax instruments that can both finance these expenditures and correct the market failures of externalities?market failure, environmental federalism, externalities, fiscal decentralization, subsidiarity principle, economic instruments

Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Kepemimpinan sebagai Strategi Pengembangan Sumberdaya Aparatur untuk Meningkatkan Kinerja (suatu Kajian di Pemerintahan Daerah Kabupaten Ketapang)

Local autonomous give larger opportunity for progress of local and also challenge to local performance of aparatus of local governance which still relative lower. Development of aparatus resources, which its core is education and training for aparatus, is absolutely needed in improving performance. This research was aimed to describe and analyze aparatus resources development program of the Ketapang Regency Governance, through leadership education and training and also its impact on the performance of local govern aparatus. This research using qualitative research approach. Process analysis of data follow model of analysis proposed by Miles and Huberman (1992) with interactive model, covering three path of activities that are reduce data, presentation of data and verification. Results of this research are the followings (1). Leadership education and training level IV at the Ketapang Regency still really be felt by a lot of insuffiency and constraint. Very insuffiency felt from facet of management of leadership education and training level IV is materials of its felt too wide, lack of ability of coach in creating atmosphere of class capable to make audiences interested to follow activity in class, and also medium which less be adequate (2). Target of leadership education and training level IV at the Ketapang Regency Govern not reached full yet. A lot of collegiate of leadership education and training level IV year 2003 at the Ketapang Regency Govern answered that in fact leadership education and training level the IV did not too felt can improve their ability in working. There is no reality affect of leadership education and training to improve of performance also felt by direct supervision which in this case represent direct consumer of collegiate of leadeship education and training level IV. Suggestions which can be given from this research are (1). Presumably require to be learned by about possibility of special separate institute forming handle training and education activity in govern agency of the Ketapang Regency (2). To know how far the target of leadership education and training level IV attainment which have been executed by the Ketapang Regency Government presumably require to be performed by evaluation to grad leadership education and training performance level IV. Result of evaluation to the competitor of leadership education and training also later serve the purpose of the substance for the management of leadership education and training repair in a period of coming

Pairing properties of nucleonic matter employing dressed nucleons

A survey of pairing properties of nucleonic matter is presented that includes the off-shell propagation associated with short-range and tensor correlations. For this purpose, the gap equation has been solved in its most general form employing the complete energy and momentum dependence of the normal self-energy contributions. The latter correlations include the self-consistent calculation of the nucleon self-energy that is generated by the summation of ladder diagrams. This treatment preserves the conservation of particle number unlike approaches in which the self-energy is based on the Brueckner-Hartree-Fock approximation. A huge reduction in the strength as well as temperature and density range of ${}^3S_1$-${}^3D_1$ pairing is obtained for nuclear matter as compared to the standard BCS treatment. Similar dramatic results pertain to ${}^1S_0$ pairing of neutrons in neutron matter.Comment: 15 pages, 10 figure

The Nucleon Spectral Function at Finite Temperature and the Onset of Superfluidity in Nuclear Matter

Nucleon selfenergies and spectral functions are calculated at the saturation density of symmetric nuclear matter at finite temperatures. In particular, the behaviour of these quantities at temperatures above and close to the critical temperature for the superfluid phase transition in nuclear matter is discussed. It is shown how the singularity in the thermodynamic T-matrix at the critical temperature for superfluidity (Thouless criterion) reflects in the selfenergy and correspondingly in the spectral function. The real part of the on-shell selfenergy (optical potential) shows an anomalous behaviour for momenta near the Fermi momentum and temperatures close to the critical temperature related to the pairing singularity in the imaginary part. For comparison the selfenergy derived from the K-matrix of Brueckner theory is also calculated. It is found, that there is no pairing singularity in the imaginary part of the selfenergy in this case, which is due to the neglect of hole-hole scattering in the K-matrix. From the selfenergy the spectral function and the occupation numbers for finite temperatures are calculated.Comment: LaTex, 23 pages, 21 PostScript figures included (uuencoded), uses prc.sty, aps.sty, revtex.sty, psfig.sty (last included

Can Indonesia Decentralise Successfully? Plans, Problems and Prospects

Indonesia is engaged in an unprecedented social and economic experiment. Responsibility for much government expenditure is being decentralised, largely to local (district) rather than to provincial governments. If this process is successful, the world’s most centralised large country could become one of its most decentralised. This paper considers the issues arising as preparations for decentralisation are finalised, and as the socialisation of its plans and practices is considered by the central government, the People’s Representative Council, the decentralised units of government, and the public. These issues were identified partly through interviews with local government officials. They include policy and administrative matters yet to be resolved, such as local budgeting, financial management and auditing practices, personnel decentralisation, local taxation, borrowing by local governments, and the match between revenues and expenditures. A major theme is the importance of a continuing national and local discussion on the goals and processes of decentralisation

Efektivitas Bappeda dalam Perencanaan Pembangunan Kota Padang di Era Otonomi Daerah

BAPPEDA is one of institution in a region that has an important role in the Regional development planning coordination. Function of this institution is very important that one could say that the successful of the development planning coordination implementation or not in a region, especially in the autonomy era, is more relied on the effectiveness of the Bappeda in performing its functions. Therefore, development of performance quality of the Bappeda needs to be improved or increased by coordination with related agentscies Started from the phenomenon given above, this was study aimed to: (1) know the effectiveness of the Bappeda of the Padang Municipality in performing its functions to enforce the development planning coordinations in the region; 2) know factors inhibiting the effectiveness of the BAPPEDA function of the Padang Municipality in enforcing development and planning coordination in making program/project. This research utilized qualitative approach by taking location at the Bappeda office, Padang Municipality. Collecting is conducted by using interview, observation and documentation methods. Data analysis in this research used interactive pattern analysis as developed by Miles and Hubberman (1992) including data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusion or verification. Result of the study showed that: (1) to optimize the Bappeda function in the autonomy era can be done by increasing the effectiveness of the Bappeda function in enforcement the development planning coordination in the region, improving APBD composition and implementation of monitoring function and evaluation of all activities; 2) factors inhibiting the effectiveness of theBappeda function in enforcing the development coordination in the region are low of professionalism of staffs, less of tool and equipment, weak of structure and working procedure and information system

Spontaneous breaking of rotational symmetry in superconductors

We show that homogeneous superconductors with broken spin/isospin symmetry lower their energy via a transition to a novel superconducting state where the Fermi-surfaces are deformed to a quasi-ellipsoidal form at zero total momentum of Cooper pairs. In this state, the gain in the condensation energy of the pairs dominates over the loss in the kinetic energy caused by the lowest order (quadrupole) deformation of Fermi-surfaces from the spherically symmetric form. There are two energy minima in general, corresponding to the deformations of the Fermi-spheres into either prolate or oblate forms. The phase transition from spherically symmetric state to the superconducting state with broken rotational symmetry is of the first order.Comment: 5 pages, including 3 figures, published versio

Critical Enhancement of the In-medium Nucleon-Nucleon Cross Section at low Temperatures

The in-medium nucleon-nucleon cross section is calculated starting from the thermodynamic T-matrix at finite temperatures. The corresponding Bethe-Salpeter-equation is solved using a separable representation of the Paris nucleon-nucleon-potential. The energy-dependent in-medium N-N cross section at a given density shows a strong temperature dependence. Especially at low temperatures and low total momenta, the in-medium cross section is strongly modified by in-medium effects. In particular, with decreasing temperature an enhancement near the Fermi energy is observed. This enhancement can be discussed as a precursor of the superfluid phase transition in nuclear matter.Comment: 10 pages with 4 figures (available on request from the authors), MPG-VT-UR 34/94 accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.

Corrections to Tribimaximal Mixing from Nondegenerate Phases

We propose a seesaw scenario that possible corrections to the tribimaximal pattern of lepton mixing are due to the small phase splitting of the right-handed neutrino mass matrix. we show that the small deviations can be expressed analytically in terms of two splitting parameters($\delta_1$ and $\delta_2$) in the leading order. The solar mixing angle $\theta_{12}$ favors a relatively smaller value compared to zero order value ($35.3^\circ$), and the Dirac type CP phase $\delta$ chooses a nearly maximal one. The two Majorana type CP phases $\rho$ and $\sigma$ turn out to be a nearly linear dependence. Also a normal hierarchy neutrino mass spectrum is favored due to the stability of perturbation calculations.Comment: 19 pages 6 figures, Accepted by Mod. Phy. Lett.