Living in a cloud: intraspecific facilitation by allelochemical mediated grazing protection 1 2

Abstract 23 Dinoflagellates are a major cause of harmful algal blooms, with consequences for coastal marine 24 ecosystem functioning and services. Alexandrium tamarense is one of the most abundant and 25 widespread toxigenic species in the temperate northern and southern hemisphere, and produces 26 paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins as well as lytic allelochemical substances. These bioactive 27 compounds may support the success of A. tamarense and its ability to form blooms. Here we 28 investigate grazing of highly (Alex2) and moderately (Alex4) allelochemical active A. tamarense 29 strains and a non-allelochemical active conspecific (Alex5) by the heterotrophic dinoflagellate 30 Polykrikos kofoidii in monoclonal and mixed experimental set-ups. While Alex4 and particularly 31 Alex5 were strongly grazed by P. kofoidii in monoclonal set-ups, both strains did grow well in 32 the mixed assemblages (Alex4+Alex5 and Alex2+Alex5). Hence, the allelochemical active 33 strains facilitate the non-active strain by protecting the population against grazing. This 34 allelochemical mediated facilitation resembles associational resistance observed in various 35 macroalgal and plant communities. Occurring intraspecifically it may partly explain the high 36 genotypic and phenotypic diversity of Alexandrium populations. It is furthermore conceivable 37 that these diverse populations comprise multiple cooperative traits that may support mutual 38 intraspecific facilitation, which in turn will promote the success of this notorious harmful algal 39 bloom species. 40 4

Detection of genome wide microevolutionary processes in Emiliania huxleyi ((Lohm) Hayard Mohler)

Phytoplankton is responsible for approximately 50 % of the annual global primary production and Emiliania huxleyi ((Lohm.) Hayard and Mohler) is an important part of the phytoplankton community. It contributes to the biological- and carbon counter-pump and therefore species success of E. huxleyi might play an important role on vertical carbon fluxes in the ocean. Several studies have shown that E. huxleyi is susceptible for Global change. Emiliania huxleyi has a high adaptive capacity and can thrive in highly diverse but also stable environments from the subtropics to subpolar regions. Emiliania huxleyi has a biphasic life cycle with phenotypically distinct haploid and diploid cell stages interconnected by syngamy, a form of sexual reproduction. A recent study unveiled that E. huxleyi populations subjected to stable environments had a significant proportion of strains which have lost key genes associated to haploid cell formation. The loss of sex implies several evolutionary constraints for species survival and adaptive capacity, since asexual reproducing lineages tend to possess a loss of heterozygosity. However with an increase of homozygosity deleterious alleles can be unmasked and the fitness of a given species can be reduced. As a counterpart acts here ameiotic recombination, which can retain adaptive capacity in asexual lineages, by balancing the emergence of deleterious alleles. As asexual and sexual populations of E. huxleyi from the same geographic origin, we further expect sympatric evolution of the two subpopulations, due to separation of their gene pools. Aim of this study was to unravel the influence of demographic, ecological as well as environmental factors on the population differentiation as well as to uncover mechanisms which influence micro-evolutionary processes in Asexual E. huxleyi lineages. As method of choice we used a reduced representation sequencing approach called double digest Restriction site Associated DNA (ddRAD) sequencing, where only genomic regions between two different restriction enzyme cutting sites were sequenced. For 1 population from Peru and 3 populations from Chile basic population genetic parameters were assessed as well as genomic erosion and Gene Diversity in asexual Chile strains within and between populations. Based on basic population genetic parameters, moderate genetic differentiation between Peru and Chile populations was detected, most likely explained due to separation of the populations by different water masses and currents. However indications for the presence of sympatric evolution of asexual and sexual gene pools were given as well. The observed heterozygosity in Asexual E. huxleyi strains was not reduced although inbreeding indices were elevated, which could indicate a loss of heterozygosity. Therefore it remains unresolved which micro-evolutionary processes are dominating the genomic evolution of asexual E. huxleyi strains. The overall exceptionally high interspecific genetic diversity of E huxleyi might mitigate effects of Asexual reproduction and helps to sustain a high adaptive capacity

Molecular ecological study of the toxic marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense

In this thesis double digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing was established for the marine microalgae Alexandrium tamarense and microsatellite marker analysis as well as 28S analysis of four A. tamarense populations was performed. A. tamarense belongs to the phylum dinoflagellata, a large group of flagellate protists with unique features in respect to their genome structure and cell organization. Furthermore this microalga is responsible for a lot of HABs. A group of three morphologically very similar species form the A. tamarense” species complex”, which is further subdivided into five distinct ribotype groups. Questions like the biogeography of this species complex as well as the question how to bring molecular data about separation of clades and morphological characteristics of defined species in line remain partly unsolved by now. Special emphasis in this thesis lays on the biogeography of ribotype group I of the A. tamarense species complex. Previous studies addressing the above mentioned questions used molecular markers which cover just a tiny fraction of the genome. ddRADSeq produces a lot more markers leading to a higher coverage of the genome and thus a much higher resolution for molecular ecological studies. In order to provide results for comparison with ddRADSeq, analysis were performed with an already established marker system. Hence microsatellite analysis with 10 microsatellite loci was performed. The four tested populations were from 3 different geographic origins: Alaska, Greenland and Northsea. Principle Coordinate and Structure analysis were performed to reveal inter- and intrapopulation structuring. A Mantel´s test was conducted to test if geographic distance correlates with genetic distance. The ddRADSeq approach could be established successfully. Results from microsatellite analysis revealed separation of Alaska´s population into two distinct clusters in Structure as well as in PCoA analysis. These findings support previously proposed models of biogeographic distribution of the group I ribotye from the A. tamarense species complex

Entwürfe zu Grabdenkmalen, Gedenktafeln, Grabkissen, Kriegerdenkmalen etc. : nebst den erforderlichen Details und erläuterndem Text sowie einer reichen Auswahl für Grabdenkmale passender Schriftvorlagen, in vertieften, wie erhabenen Schriftgattungen ; 30 Tafeln / Entworfen und gezeichnet nach dem Verhältnisse des goldenen Schnittes von C. Hülskötter, Bildhauer in Jever.

ENTWÜRFE ZU GRABDENKMALEN, GEDENKTAFELN, GRABKISSEN, KRIEGERDENKMALEN ETC. : NEBST DEN ERFORDERLICHEN DETAILS UND ERLÄUTERNDEM TEXT SOWIE EINER REICHEN AUSWAHL FÜR GRABDENKMALE PASSENDER SCHRIFTVORLAGEN, IN VERTIEFTEN, WIE ERHABENEN SCHRIFTGATTUNGEN ; 30 TAFELN / ENTWORFEN UND GEZEICHNET NACH DEM VERHÄLTNISSE DES GOLDENEN SCHNITTES VON C. HÜLSKÖTTER, BILDHAUER IN JEVER. Entwürfe zu Grabdenkmalen, Gedenktafeln, Grabkissen, Kriegerdenkmalen etc. : nebst den erforderlichen Details und erläuterndem Text sowie einer reichen Auswahl für Grabdenkmale passender Schriftvorlagen, in vertieften, wie erhabenen Schriftgattungen ; 30 Tafeln / Entworfen und gezeichnet nach dem Verhältnisse des goldenen Schnittes von C. Hülskötter, Bildhauer in Jever. (1) Einband (1) Titelblatt (4) Vorwort. (6) Taf. I. Einfache Grabmale. (8) Taf. II. Obelisk ... (10) Taf. III. Grabkissen im Renaissance-Stil ... (12) Taf. IV. Seiten- Rück- u. Vorderansicht eines Grabkissens ... (14) Taf. V. Einfaches Grabmal. Renaissance-Denkmal ... (16) Taf. VI. Gothisches Grabmal. Renaissance-Grabmal ... (18) Taf. VII. Zwei Grabmale im griechischen Stil. (20) Taf. VIII. Renaissance-Grabmale ... (22) Taf. IX. Gothische Grabmale ... (24) Taf. X. Vorder- u. Seitenansicht eines gothische Grabmals ... (26) Taf. XI. Denkmal mit Bronze- oder Marmormedaillon ... (28) Taf. XII. Vorder- u. Seitenansicht eines Renaissance-Grabmals ... (30) Taf. XIII. Renaissance-Grabmale ... (32) Taf. XIV. Gedenktafeln ... (34) Taf. XV. Gothische Grabmale ... (36) Taf. XVI. Einfaches Kreuz ... (38) Taf. XVII. Grabmal mit der Statue eines betenden Friedensengels ... (40) Taf. XVIII. Grabmäler mit Urnen ... (42) Taf. XIX. Renaissance-Grabmale ... (44) Taf. XX. Gothische Grabmale ... (46) Taf. XXI. Kriegerdenkmal ... (48) Taf. XXII. Englische Schrift. (50) Taf. XXIII. Cursiv-Schrift. (52) Taf. XXIV. Römische Schrift. (54) Taf. XXV. Gothische Schrift. (56) Taf. XXVI. Altdeutsche Kirchenschrift. (58) Taf. XXVII. Gothisch-Romanische Schrift. (60) Taf. XXVIII. Gothische Schrift, eingerichtet für erhabene Arbeit. (62) Taf. XXIX. Balkenschrift, passend für erhabene Arbeit. (64) Taf. XXX. Hebräische Schrift. (66

Wie valide ist die regelkonforme Gestaltung von Bewerbungsunterlagen?

Forschungsfrage: Erstmals wird der Frage nachgegangen, inwieweit formale Kriterien der Gestaltung von Bewerbungsunterlagen valide Aussagen im Hinblick auf Persönlichkeitsmerkmale ermöglichen. Methodik: Die Anschreiben und Lebensläufe von 127 realen Bewerbern/-innen werden hinsichtlich formaler Kriterien analysiert und anschließend der Zusammenhang zu sieben Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen berechnet. Nur vereinzelt fanden sich signifikante Zusammenhänge. Praktische Implikationen: Es erscheint nicht sinnvoll, die regelkonforme Gestaltung von Bewerbungsunterlagen bei Auswahlentscheidungen zu berücksichtigen.Research question: For the first time, we question if formal criteria in job applications really offer validity regarding the applicant's personality. Methodology: We analysed the application letters and CV's of 127 real applicants concerning formal criteria as well as their correlation with seven personality traits. Only a few criteria showed significant correlations. Practical implications: With regard to the findings, we discuss the current practice of imputing diagnostic value to arranging applications compliant to contemporary rules

Intraspecific facilitation by allelochemical mediated grazing protection within a toxigenic dinoflagellate population

Dinoflagellates are a major cause of harmful algal blooms (HABs), with consequences for coastal marine ecosystem functioning and services. Alexandrium fundyense (previously Alexandrium tamarense) is one of the most abundant and widespread toxigenic species in the temperate Northern and Southern Hemisphere and produces paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins as well as lytic allelochemical substances. These bioactive compounds may support the success of A. fundyense and its ability to form blooms. Herewe investigate the impact of grazing on monoclonal and mixed set-ups of highly (Alex2) and moderately (Alex4) allelochemically active A. fundyense strains and a non-allelochemically active conspecific (Alex5) by the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Polykrikos kofoidii. While Alex4 and particularly Alex5 were strongly grazed by P. kofoidii when offered alone, both strains grew well in the mixed assemblages (Alex4 þ Alex5 and Alex2 þ Alex5). Hence, the allelochemical active strains facilitated growth of the non-active strain by protecting the population as awhole against grazing. Based on our results, we argue that facilitation among clonal lineages within a species may partly explain the high genotypic and phenotypic diversity of Alexandrium populations. Populations of Alexandrium may comprise multiple cooperative traits that act in concert with intraspecific facilitation, and hence promote the success of this notorious HAB species