3 research outputs found

    Investigations on iron metabolism in neural cells

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    Eisenionen sind als Bestandteil verschiedener Kofaktoren fĂŒr viele enzymatische Reaktionen wichtig und spielen zum Beispiel eine bedeutende Rolle beim Sauerstofftransport und in der mitochondrialen Atmungskette. In redoxaktiver Form können sie jedoch die Bildung hochreaktiver toxischer Hydroxylradikale verursachen. Diese toxische Wirkung des Eisens wird im Zusammenhang mit der Entstehung verschiedener neurodegenerativer Erkrankungen diskutiert. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit sollten verschiedene Aspekte des Eisenstoffwechsels an Kulturen von Astrocyten, Microglia, Oligodendrocyten und Neuronen untersucht werden. Eisen konnte quantitativ in allen untersuchten Kulturen nachgewiesen werden, wobei Microgliazellen den höchsten spezifischen Eisengehalt aufwiesen. Durch die modifizierte PerlsfĂ€rbung zur Detektion von Eisen(III) konnte nur Microgliazellen Eisen(III) zugewiesen werden. Ferritin und Transferrinrezeptoren wurden in allen untersuchten Kulturen nachgewiesen. Durch histochemische AnfĂ€rbungen von Rattengehirnen wurden Eisen und Ferritin ĂŒberwiegend in Microglia aber auch in Oligodendrocyten nachgewiesen, Transferrinrezeptoren traten vor allem auf Blutkapillaren oder den umgebenen Zellen auf. FĂŒr alle Zellkulturen konnte sowohl eine transferrinabhĂ€ngige als auch eine transferrinunabhĂ€ngige Eisenaufnahme nachgewiesen werden, wobei die transferrinunabhĂ€ngige Aufnahme zu einer wesentlich stĂ€rkeren Eisenakkumulation fĂŒhrte. In Astrogliazellen fĂŒhrte die Inkubation mit Eisen zu einer Steigerung des Vorkommens von Ferritin und zu einer Verringerung des Vorkommens von Transferrinrezeptoren. Inkubation der Zellen mit dem Eisenchelator Deferoxamin steigerte den Transferrinrezeptor-Gehalt, verhinderte bei gleichzeitiger Gabe von Eisen die Eisenakkumulation und fĂŒhrte zur Verhinderung der eisenabhĂ€ngigen Steigerung des Ferritingehaltes. Koinkubation von Astrogliazellen mit Eisen und Cycloheximid fĂŒhrte zu einem erhöhten zellulĂ€ren Eisengehalt ohne Steigerung des Ferritingehalts. Diese Inkubationsbedingungen waren durch starke Bildung von Radikalen und erhöhten Zelltod gekennzeichnet. Die fehlende Steigerung des Ferritingehaltes unter diesen Bedingungen könnte zu einer erhöhten Konzentration redoxaktiven Eisens und damit zur Bildung von Hydroxylradikalen durch die Fenton-Reaktion gefĂŒhrt haben. Der Vergleich der H2O2-Entgiftungsgeschwindigkeit von Astrogliazellen aus Wildtyp-MĂ€usen und Glutathionperoxidase 1 (GPx1)-defizienten MĂ€usen ergab nahezu identische spezifische Entgiftungsgeschwindigkeitskonstanten. In beiden Kulturtypen ergaben sich Ă€hnliche Glutathion-Werte, die durch Inkubation der Zellen mit dem Inhibitor der Glutathionsynthese Buthioninsulfoximin um mehr als 80% verringert wurden. Bei Inkubation mit H2O2 kam es nur in Kulturen von Astrogliazellen aus Wildtyp-MĂ€usen zur Bildung von Glutathiondisulfid. Die Senkung des Glutathiongehaltes fĂŒhrte nur in Astrogliakulturen aus Wildtyp-MĂ€usen zu einer Verlangsamung der H2O2-Entgiftung, jedoch wurde bei den Astrogliakulturen beider Mauslinien drei Stunden nach der H2O2-Applikation erhöhter Zelltod festgestellt. Die Hemmung der Catalase durch 3-Amino-1,2,4-triazol fĂŒhrte insbesondere in Astrogliakulturen aus GPx1-defizienten MĂ€usen zur Verlangsamung der H2O2-Entgiftung. Dies hatte in GPx1-defizienten Astrogliakulturen starken Zelltod zur Folge, wĂ€hrend in Astrogliakulturen aus Wildtyp-MĂ€usen keine erhöhte Freisetzung der Lactatdehydrogenase gemessen wurde. Die ToxizitĂ€t von H2O2 auf Wildtyp- und GPx1-defizienten Astrogliakulturen nach Vorinkubation mit Buthioninsulfoximin oder 3-Amino-1,2,4-triazol konnte durch Inkubation mit dem Eisenchelator Deferoxamin vollstĂ€ndig verhindert werden. Dies weist darauf hin, dass Eisen an der ToxizitĂ€t von H2O2 beteiligt ist.Iron is a component of several cofactors and is therefore important for many enzymatic reactions , like for example oxygen transport and in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. In its redoxactive form, iron can cause the production of highly reactive and toxic hydroxyl radicals. This toxic potential of iron seems to be correlated with the generation and development of different neurodegenerative diseases. In this thesis, different aspects of iron metabolism of cultured astrocytes, microglia, oligodendroglia and neurons were investigated. Iron (II) was detected in all cultures, with the highest values for microglia. Iron(III) was detected with a modified Perls-Stain and could only be found in microglia cells. Ferritin and transferrin receptors were present in all four cultured cell-types. Histochemical studies of rat brains shows iron and ferritin mainly in microglia but also in oligodendrocytes. Transferrin receptors were predominantly found on blood capillaries or the surrounding cells. For all cell cultures a transferrin-dependent and a transferrin-independent iron uptake was found. But in all four cell-types the transferrin-independent iron accumulation was much stronger. Incubation of astroglia cells with iron led to an increase in the amount of ferritin and to a decrease of transferrin receptors. Incubation of these cells with the iron chelator deferoxamine led to an increase of transferrin receptors, prevented iron accumulation when coincubated with iron and prevented the iron-induced upregulation of ferritin content. Coincubation of astroglia with iron and cycloheximide led to an increase of intracellular iron content without an increase of feritin content. Under these conditions we found a strong production of radicals and an increase in cell death. Because there was no increase in the ferritin content this could lead to a higher amount of redoxactive iron and then to a higher production of hydroxyl radicals by Fenton reaction. The comparison of H2O2-detoxification in astroglia cells from wildtype mice and glutathionperoxidase 1 (GPx1)-deficient mice showed nearly identical specific detoxification rates. Both cultures contained the same amount of glutathione, which was reduced with the inhibitor of glutathione synthesis buthioninsulfoximine (BSO) by more than 80%. Only in astroglial cells from wildtype mice incubation with H2O2 led to a production of oxidized glutathione, and a decrease of glutathione led to a reduction of H2O2 detoxification. Three hours after H2O2-application there was an increase of cell death in cultures of both mouse lines. Inhibition of catalase with 3-Amino-1,2,4-triazol led to a slower H2O2 detoxification especially in cultures from GPx1 deficient mice. There was also a higher amount of cell death under these conditions in cultures from GPx1 deficient mice, whereas in astroglial cultures from wildtype mice no increase of the release of lactate dehydrogenase as an indicator for cell death could be observed. The toxicity of H2O2 in wildtype- and GPx1-deficient astroglia cultures after preincubation with buthioninsulfoximine or 3-Amino-1,2,4-triazol was completely prevented by incubation with the iron chelator deferoxamine. This indicates that iron plays a role in the toxicity of H2O2

    Progression of pathology in PINK1-deficient mouse brain from splicing via ubiquitination, ER stress, and mitophagy changes to neuroinflammation

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    Background: PINK1 deficiency causes the autosomal recessive PARK6 variant of Parkinson’s disease. PINK1 activates ubiquitin by phosphorylation and cooperates with the downstream ubiquitin ligase PARKIN, to exert quality control and control autophagic degradation of mitochondria and of misfolded proteins in all cell types. Methods: Global transcriptome profiling of mouse brain and neuron cultures were assessed in protein-protein interaction diagrams and by pathway enrichment algorithms. Validation by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunoblots was performed, including human neuroblastoma cells and patient primary skin fibroblasts. Results: In a first approach, we documented Pink1-deleted mice across the lifespan regarding brain mRNAs. The expression changes were always subtle, consistently affecting “intracellular membrane-bounded organelles”. Significant anomalies involved about 250 factors at age 6 weeks, 1300 at 6 months, and more than 3500 at age 18 months in the cerebellar tissue, including Srsf10, Ube3a, Mapk8, Creb3, and Nfkbia. Initially, mildly significant pathway enrichment for the spliceosome was apparent. Later, highly significant networks of ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis and endoplasmic reticulum protein processing occurred. Finally, an enrichment of neuroinflammation factors appeared, together with profiles of bacterial invasion and MAPK signaling changes—while mitophagy had minor significance. Immunohistochemistry showed pronounced cellular response of Iba1-positive microglia and GFAP-positive astrocytes; brain lipidomics observed increases of ceramides as neuroinflammatory signs at old age. In a second approach, we assessed PINK1 deficiency in the presence of a stressor. Marked dysregulations of microbial defense factors Ifit3 and Rsad2 were consistently observed upon five analyses: (1) Pink1 −/− primary neurons in the first weeks after brain dissociation, (2) aged Pink1 −/− midbrain with transgenic A53T-alpha-synuclein overexpression, (3) human neuroblastoma cells with PINK1-knockdown and murine Pink1 −/− embryonal fibroblasts undergoing acute starvation, (4) triggering mitophagy in these cells with trifluoromethoxy carbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone (FCCP), and (5) subjecting them to pathogenic RNA-analogue poly(I:C). The stress regulation of MAVS, RSAD2, DDX58, IFIT3, IFIT1, and LRRK2 was PINK1 dependent. Dysregulation of some innate immunity genes was also found in skin fibroblast cells from PARK6 patients. Conclusions: Thus, an individual biomarker with expression correlating to progression was not identified. Instead, more advanced disease stages involved additional pathways. Hence, our results identify PINK1 deficiency as an early modulator of innate immunity in neurons, which precedes late stages of neuroinflammation during alpha-synuclein spreading

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