27 research outputs found
Are Treponema spp. possible aetiological agents to porcine necrotic ear syndrome?
Denna litteraturstudie syftar till att utreda om Treponema-arter Àr tÀnkbara etiologiska agens till öronnekros hos gris. Sjukdomen drabbar frÀmst unga djur och dÄ framförallt efter avvÀnjning. Symptomen yttrar sig som ytliga lesioner eller nekroser pÄ ytterörat och det Àr vanligt att mÄnga djur drabbas vid samma tidpunkt. Sjukdomen anses vara ett djurvÀlfÀrdsproblem men Àr inte associerad med nÄgra produktionsnedgÄngar. Vid bakteriologiska undersökningar finner man framförallt spiroketer, kockoida och kockobacillÀra bakterier. Spiroketer karaktÀriseras av sin spiralform och sina periplasmatiska flageller. Treponema Äterfinns i normalfloran hos dÀggdjur och Àr sammankopplade med bl.a. orala sjukdomar hos mÀnniska och olika hudÄkommor hos vÄra djur.
FÄ studier har gjorts gÀllande förekomsten av Treponema-arter hos gris men pÄ senare tid har Treponema pedis isolerats frÄn öronnekros, bogbladssÄr och gingiva. Förutom att Treponema pedis har isolerats vid hudÄkommor och frÄn den orala floran hos gris sÄ kan arten Àven hittas vid smittsamt klöveksem hos nöt och fotröta hos fÄr.
Inga försök har Ànnu gjorts för att utreda etiologin till öronnekros hos gris. Det Àr troligt att lesionerna Àr resultatet av en blandinfektion initierad av en hudskada. PÄvisandet av T. pedis i bÄde öronnekros och gingiva öppnar för möjligheten till delaktighet i etiologin. Detta stöds Àven av att de pÄvisats i smittsamt klöveksem hos nöt och att mÄnga Treponema-arter associeras med bl.a. periodontit hos mÀnniska
A comparison of two certification schemes for dairy cow welfare in relation to resource-based, management-based and animal-based measures
Traditionally risk-based measures have been used to assess animal welfare in legislation and certification schemes. With increased knowledge and research, debate today tends to focus on and advocate the use of animal-based measures. However this is not a panacea for welfare and the most sound conclusion should be that assessment of animal welfare needs both. The aim of this thesis is to identify the points that need to be taken into consideration to find the optimal balance in the use of input and outcome measures according to the aim of the assessment and how these should be applied when designing a certification scheme? To answer this, a comparison of the use of resource-based, management-based and animal-based measures in two certification schemes for dairy cow welfare, Freedom Food (UK) and Svenskt Sigill (SWE), was made. To enable the comparison, six general categories regarding welfare were defined (feed, water, health, environment, management and behaviour) and assessment points of the two schemes divided accordingly. Both schemes predominantly use input measures with the exception of a slightly more balanced use of input measures and outcome measures regarding both behaviour and health. There was a tendency of animal-based measures being non-specific, thereby not being valid or reliable.
The conclusion drawn from this thesis is that there are too many parameters that might differ between different certification schemes, e.g. number of assessment visits and assessment time, budget, etc., and therefore a statement of a general approach cannot be made. Instead I describe a number of key points that are important to consider when choosing between and balancing the use of risk-based and animal-based measures: 1) Risk-factors known for impairing welfare should not be allowed. 2) The difficulty to modify some resources, especially those regarding housing, needs to be taken into account. Therefore the use of prior approval is recommended. 3) How long it takes for a change in a risk-based measure to affect the animal-based measure is important, e.g. breeding versus amount of bedding. 4) When the predictive value, i.e. the correlation, to a risk-based measure is high it can replace the animal-based measure. 5) Animal-based measures used must be valid, repeatable and feasible. 6) To consider the use of automated assessment of animal-based measures to make them feasible. 7) That animal-based measures are necessary for benchmarking and the implementation of threshold levels.Traditionellt har riskbaserade mÄtt anvÀnts för att bedöma djurvÀlfÀrd i lagstiftning och certifieringssystem. Med en ökad kunskap och forskning sÄ tenderar diskussionen idag att fokusera och föresprÄka anvÀndandet av djurbaserade vÀlfÀrdsmÄtt. Detta Àr dock inte en universallösning för djurvÀlfÀrd, utan den mest sunda slutsatsen borde vara att bedömning av djurvÀlfÀrd behöver bÄda. MÄlet med detta examensarbete Àr att identifiera de frÄgor som mÄste beaktas för att finna den optimala balansen mellan anvÀndandet av riskbaserade och djurbaserade mÄtt för mÄlet med bedömningen. Om detta Àr möjligt, hur ska detta tillÀmpas nÀr man utformar ett certifieringsprogram? För att svara pÄ detta gjordes en jÀmförelse mellan tvÄ certifieringsprogram för vÀlfÀrd hos mjölkkor, Freedom Food (UK) och Svenskt Sigill (SE), gÀllande anvÀndningen av resursbaserade, managementbaserade och djurbaserade mÄtt. För att möjliggöra jÀmförelsen definierades sex generella kategorier gÀllande djurvÀlfÀrd (foder, vatten, hÀlsa, miljö, management och beteende) och kontrollpunkterna för de tvÄ programmen delades in dÀrefter. BÄda programmen anvÀnder sig frÀmst av resursbaserade och managementbaserade mÄtt med undantaget av en nÄgot mer balanserad anvÀndning gÀllande hÀlsa och beteende. En tendens som noterades var att djurbaserade mÄtt som anvÀndes var ospecifika och dÀrigenom ej pÄlitliga och anvÀndbara.
Slutsatsen frÄn detta examensarbete Àr att det finns för manga parametrar som kan variera mellan olika certifieringsprogram, som antalet besök och besökstiden, budget med mera, och att det dÀrför inte gÄr att uttala sig om ett generellt tillvÀgagÄngssÀtt för att konstruera ett certifieringsprogram. IstÀllet beskriver jag ett antal nyckelfrÄgor som Àr viktiga att betrakta nÀr man vÀljer mellan och balanserar anvÀndandet av riskbaserade och djurbaserade mÄtt: 1) Riskfaktorer kÀnda för att försÀmra vÀlfÀrden ska inte vara tillÄtna. 2) svÄrigheten att modifiera vissa resurser, speciellt de relaterade till inhysning, mÄste beaktas. DÀrför rekomenderas anvÀndandet av förprövning. 3) Hur lÄng tid det tar för en förÀndring av ett riskbaserat mÄtt att pÄverka det djurbaserade mÄttet, till exemple avelstrategi kontra strömÀngd. 4) NÀr det predektiva vÀrdet, korrelationen, mellan ett riskbaserat mÄtt Àr högt sÄ kan det ersÀtta det djurbaserade mÄttet. 5) Djurbaserade mÄtt mÄste vara gilltiga, repeterbara och genomförbara. 6) Att övervÀga anvÀndandet av automatiska bedömningssystem gÀllande djurbaserade mÄtt för att göra dem genomförbara. 7) Djurbaserade mÄtt Àr nödvÀndiga för benchmarking och införandet av tröskelvÀrden
The effect of weaning age on animal performance in lambs exposed to naturally acquired nematode infections
The effects of mixed gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections on animal growth and post-weaning activity patterns were investigated in grazing intact ram lambs when naturally exposed to two different infection levels and weaned at different ages. Ewes and their twin-born lambs were turned-out to graze in two permanent pasture enclosures naturally contaminated with GIN the previous year. Ewes and lambs in the low parasite exposure group (LP) were drenched before turn-out and at weaning, respectively, with 0.2 mg ivermectin per kg body weight, whereas those in the high parasite exposure group (HP) were left untreated. Two weaning ages were applied, early weaning (EW) (10 weeks) and late weaning (LW) (14 weeks), respectively. The lambs were then allocated to one out of four groups based on parasite exposure level and weaning age (EW-HP, n = 12; LW-HP, n = 11; EW-LP, n = 13; LW-LP, n = 13). Body weight gain (BWG) and faecal egg counts (FEC) were monitored, in all groups, from the day of early weaning and every four weeks, for 10 weeks. In addition, nematode composition was determined using droplet digital PCR. Activity patterns measured as Motion Index (MI; the absolute value of the 3D acceleration) and lying time were monitored continuously from the day of weaning until four weeks postweaning using IceQube (R) sensors. Statistical analyses were performed in RStudio, using mixed models with repeated measures. BWG was 11% lower in EW-HP compared with EW-LP (P = 0.0079) and 12% lower compared with LW-HP (P = 0.018), respectively. In contrast, no difference in BWG was observed between LW-HP and LW-LP (P = 0.97). The average EPG was higher in EW-HP compared with EW-LP (P < 0.001), as well as in EW-HP compared with LW-HP (P = 0.021), and LW-HP compared with LW-LP (P = 0.0022). The molecular investigation showed that animals in LW-HP had a higher proportion of Haemonchus contortus compared with EW-HP. MI was 19% lower in EW-HP compared with EW-LP (P = 0.0004). Daily lying time was 15% shorter in EW-HP compared with EW-LP (P = 0.0070). In contrast, no difference in MI (P = 0.13) and lying time (P = 0.99) between LW-HP and LW-LP was observed. The results suggest that a delayed weaning age may reduce the adverse effects of GIN infection on BWG. Contrarily, an earlier weaning age may reduce the risk of H. contortus infection in lambs. Moreover, the results demonstrates a potential use of automated behaviour recordings as a diagnostic tool for the detection of nematode infections in sheep
Assessment of three DNA extraction kits for the absolute quantification of strongyle nematode eggs in faecal samples
Background Haemonchus contortus is one of the most pathogenic gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants. The current diagnostic approach for the detection of this species relies on coproscopic methods, which both have low sensitivity and are time consuming. Methods employing detection through DNA amplification, such as droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR), offer an advantageous approach to the diagnosis of H. contortus. However, DNA extraction protocols need to be constantly updated for the optimal retrieval of diagnostically usable template. Here, we describe the evaluation of three genomic DNA extraction kits for the detection and quantification of H. contortus ITS2 amplicon DNA from faecal samples, using droplet digital PCR. Results DNA samples, extracted from faecal material with the Nucleospin DNA Stool kit, produced the highest amounts of ITS2 amplicon copies and had the lowest coefficient of variation across different dilutions and sample types (fresh or frozen) out of the tested kits (Nucleospin DNA Stool, E.Z.N.A.(R) Stool DNA Kit and QIAamp Fast DNA Stool Mini Kit). Furthermore, the protocol of this kit has the fewest number of steps and the price of DNA extraction per sample is reasonable (2.77 euro). Conclusions The Nucleospin DNA Stool kit is an attractive option for the detection and quantification of H. contortus DNA in faecal samples of small ruminants in a diagnostic setting
Hide ân seek: individual behavioural responses of cattle excreting different amounts of nematode eggsâpotential threshold for pasture contamination assessment
The aim of this study was to investigate how the activity of cattle under natural grazing conditions is related to their individual parasite contribution (IPC). Potentially, the individuals contributing the most to the contamination of the pasture with gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) could then be identified and selectively treated based on sensor data thresholds. A total of 58 steers of the dairy breeds Swedish Red (SR, n = 19) and Swedish Holstein (SH, n = 39) were used for sensor-based data collection that lasted for a total of 10 weeks from 4 May to 13 July 2022. All steers were inoculated with a priming dose of nematode larvae and weighed in conjunction with the pasture release. The animals were then divided into four experimental groups and treated with ivermectin (IVM PO, Boehringer Ingelheim, 0.5 mg/kg BW) at different intervals to obtain an exposure contrast (Group A was left untreated, Group B/IVM PO-4w was treated after 4 weeks, Group C/IVM PO-8w was treated after 8 weeks, and Group D/IVM PO-4&8w was treated after 4 weeks and then after 8 weeks). The steers were weighed on four further occasions, during which faecal samples were also taken for parasite testing. Activity data were collected using leg-mounted IceQube sensors and body weight data and faecal samples were collected bi-weekly. The new threshold metric (IPC) was proposed for individuals with different faecal egg count (FEC) levels [NO (no contribution) p-value of 0.008, 0.018, 0.041, and 0.001 for individuals with NO, LO, ME, and HI IPC values, respectively). There were some breed effects on the average number of steps and minutes spent lying. The results also provide alternative threshold methods aimed at finding more sustainable ways of using anthelmintics and integrating individual data into future parasite control strategies
Animal Welfare Implications of Digital Tools for Monitoring and Management of Cattle and Sheep on Pasture
Simple SummaryMonitoring the welfare of cattle and sheep in large pastures can be time-consuming, especially if the animals are scattered over large areas in semi-natural pastures. There are several technologies for monitoring animals with wearable or remote equipment for recording physiological or behavioural parameters and trigger alarms when the acquired information deviates from the normal. Automatic equipment allows continuous monitoring and may give more information than manual monitoring. Ear tags with electronic identification can detect visits to specific points. Collars with positioning (GPS) units can assess the animals' movements and habitat selection and, to some extent, their health and welfare. Digitally determined virtual fences, instead of the traditional physical ones, have the potential to keep livestock within a predefined area using audio signals in combination with weak electric shocks, although some individuals may have difficulties in responding as intended, potentially resulting in reduced animal welfare. Remote technology such as drones equipped with cameras can be used to count animals, determine their position and study their behaviour. Drones can also herd and move animals. However, the knowledge of the potential effects on animal welfare of digital technology for monitoring and managing grazing livestock is limited, especially regarding drones and virtual fences.The opportunities for natural animal behaviours in pastures imply animal welfare benefits. Nevertheless, monitoring the animals can be challenging. The use of sensors, cameras, positioning equipment and unmanned aerial vehicles in large pastures has the potential to improve animal welfare surveillance. Directly or indirectly, sensors measure environmental factors together with the behaviour and physiological state of the animal, and deviations can trigger alarms for, e.g., disease, heat stress and imminent calving. Electronic positioning includes Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) for the recording of animals at fixed points. Positioning units (GPS) mounted on collars can determine animal movements over large areas, determine their habitat and, somewhat, health and welfare. In combination with other sensors, such units can give information that helps to evaluate the welfare of free-ranging animals. Drones equipped with cameras can also locate and count the animals, as well as herd them. Digitally defined virtual fences can keep animals within a predefined area without the use of physical barriers, relying on acoustic signals and weak electric shocks. Due to individual variations in learning ability, some individuals may be exposed to numerous electric shocks, which might compromise their welfare. More research and development are required, especially regarding the use of drones and virtual fences
Digital tillsynsteknik i djurhÄllning utomhus
I enlighet med Jordbruksverkets förfrĂ„gan behandlar denna rapport tre omrĂ„den för digital teknik vid övervakning och kontroll av djur som vistas utomhus pĂ„ stora ytor: (1) kamerateknologi, t.ex. anvĂ€ndning av drönare, (2) positioneringsteknologi som GPS och (3) teknologi för att styra djurens rörelser, som drivning med drönare och anvĂ€ndning av s.k. virtuella stĂ€ngsel. De tre teknikomrĂ„dena överlappar delvis varandra. Digital tillsyn av utegĂ„ende djur Ă€r beroende av att sensorer mĂ€ter det man tror att de mĂ€ter med tillrĂ€cklig noggrannhet och att data kan överföras och bearbetas till information som lagras och analyseras pĂ„ ett sĂ€kert och korrekt sĂ€tt. SĂ„dana teknologier benĂ€mns med samlingsnamnet âPrecision Livestock Farmingâ (PLF). AnvĂ€ndningen av informationen Ă€r avgörande för teknikens anvĂ€ndbarhet i tillsyns- och djurskyddsarbete. TillĂ€mpningarna Ă€r till viss del reglerade av gĂ€llande lagstiftning, exempelvis genom krav pĂ„ tillsyn, begrĂ€nsad anvĂ€ndning av elektricitet för att styra djurs beteende, anvĂ€ndning av obemannade luftfarkoster, d.v.s. drönare, samt Ă„tgĂ€rder för att förhindra att utrustning skadar djuren eller pĂ„verkar deras hĂ€lsa och beteende. Inom PLF anvĂ€nds en rad olika sensorer som direkt eller indirekt kan mĂ€ta djurens miljö och djurens beteende och fysiologiska tillstĂ„nd. Den teknologiska utvecklingen har frĂ€mst varit inriktad pĂ„ mjölkkor, fjĂ€derfĂ€n och grisar och endast i liten utstrĂ€ckning berört hĂ€st, fĂ„r och get. För djur pĂ„ bete Ă€r överföringen av data frĂ„n en enhet pĂ„ eller vid djuret till en mottagare sĂ€rskilt problematisk p.g.a. stora avstĂ„nd, men det sker en snabb teknisk utveckling mot effektivare överföring. PLF-teknologin innebĂ€r i de flesta fall att djuren övervakas kontinuerligt och att avvikelser i t.ex. deras hĂ€lsotillstĂ„nd och vĂ€lfĂ€rd i princip kan upptĂ€ckas i realtid, vilket ska stĂ€llas mot nuvarande lagkrav pĂ„ tillsyn minst en eller tvĂ„ gĂ„nger dagligen. Sensorer kan ge information om ett stort antal fysiologiska tillstĂ„nd och beteenden. En av de vanligaste teknikerna Ă€r sensorer för aktivitet. Indirekt kan de ocksĂ„ ge information om idissling, liggtid, stegantal och Ă€ttid och utlösa larm om exempelvis brunst, hĂ€lsoproblem, hĂ€lta och kalvning. Sensorer kan Ă€ven placeras i förmagen hos idisslare (s.k. vĂ„mbolus) dĂ€r de mĂ€ter vĂ„m-pH och kan larma om störningar i magfunktionen, eller utformas som termometrar som kan larma om hĂ€lsostörningar, kalvning och vattenintag eller mikrofoner som kan mĂ€ta idissling och larma om brunst, kalvning och onormalt idisslingsmönster. Med kamerateknik kan man mĂ€ta aktivitet, kroppsform och hudtemperatur, vilket kan ge information om ketosstatus, hull, hĂ€lta och juverhĂ€lsa. Kameror monterade pĂ„ drönare kan anvĂ€ndas för att lokalisera och rĂ€kna djur, bestĂ€mma deras position, habitatval och till viss del deras beteende, sĂ€rskilt nĂ€r djuren rör sig över stora arealer. Det finns flera elektroniska positioneringsteknologier varav passiv âRadio Frequency Identification RFIDâ Ă€r den vanligaste. RĂ€ckvidden Ă€r kort med denna teknik men den kan vara anvĂ€ndbar om man t.ex. vill mĂ€ta hur ofta djuren besöker en vattenpost. Andra teknologier kan med hjĂ€lp av antenner följa djurens positioner i realtid. GPS-enheter monterade i halsband kan regelbundet registrera djurens geografiska position. AnvĂ€ndningen av GPS har blivit relativt vanlig i renskötseln vilket tycks ha lett till en förbĂ€ttrad arbetssituation för renskötarna. Positionering med GPS ger inte alltid exakta uppgifter men tekniken har visat sig anvĂ€ndbar för studier av habitatval, sociala interaktioner och gruppdynamik. Med positionerna frĂ„n GPS har man ocksĂ„ kunnat styra djur till omrĂ„den med bĂ€ttre betestillgĂ„ng. Med en tillrĂ€ckligt frekvent bestĂ€mning av position med hjĂ€lp av GPS (ca en gĂ„ng per minut) Ă€r det möjligt att bestĂ€mma betestiden för nötkreatur pĂ„ ett tillförlitligt sĂ€tt. En anvĂ€ndning av drönare i djurskötsel och djurtillsyn kan vara att med hjĂ€lp av kamera lokalisera djuren över stora ytor. Denna anvĂ€ndning begrĂ€nsas dock av nuvarande bestĂ€mmelser om att föraren mĂ„ste ha ögontakt med drönaren. I renskötseln har drönare börjat anvĂ€ndas för att förflytta djur men denna tillĂ€mpning Ă€r Ă€nnu inte juridiskt reglerad. Virtuella stĂ€ngsel Ă€r strukturer som bestĂ€ms med kartkoordinater eller elektronisk sĂ€ndare pĂ„ marken. StĂ€ngslen fungerar som inhĂ€gnader, hinder eller grĂ€nser. Djuren mottar signaler (vanligen ljud) och stimuli (vanligen elstötar frĂ„n ett halsband) som gör det möjligt för dem att lĂ€ra sig var stĂ€ngslet finns. I vetenskapliga studier har man med varierande framgĂ„ng lyckats lĂ€ra djuren att associera ljudsignaler och elstötar med en grĂ€ns som inte fĂ„r passeras. FörmĂ„gan att lĂ€ra sig skiljer mellan olika djurslag, liksom mellan individer. Det finns fortfarande mĂ„nga obesvarade frĂ„gestĂ€llningar om hur djur kan anpassa sig till virtuella stĂ€ngselsystemet, liksom hur de pĂ„verkas, bĂ„de under inlĂ€rningsfas och bruksfas
Sensing the worms : automated behaviour monitoring for detection of parasitism in grazing livestock
Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) are common in grazing livestock and is a major cause of impaired health and productivity. Current control practices of GIN infections depend largely on the use of anthelmintic drugs. However, misuse of anthelmintic drugs has led to a widespread development of anthelmintic resistance. Behavioural monitoring has been suggested as a novel method to detect parasite infection in grazing livestock, enabling targeted (selective) treatment, where only infected groups or individual animals within a group are treated. The aim of this thesis was to investigate how multispecies GIN parasite infections affect behavioural patterns in grazing livestock on a group level using different on-animal sensors. The effect of subclinical GIN infection on activity and rumination patterns in first season grazing steers were investigated in contrasting groups during two grazing seasons, using different commercial sensors. The results indicate that untreated steers exposed to a higher GIN level had an increased lying time, lower activity level and affected rumination patterns over time, compared with dewormed steers. To enable the assessment of behavioural responses in lambs, the validity of two sensors for cattle for use in lambs were first evaluated. The effect of subclinical GIN infection on activity in lambs around weaning was then investigated in a replicated grazing trial with treated and untreated groups. The results indicate untreated lambs had a shorter daily lying time over time as well as a lower activity level, compared with dewormed lambs. In conclusion, this thesis supports that behavioural patterns are affected by subclinical GIN infections and the results demonstrate the potential use of automated behavioural observations as a diagnostic tool
Experimental and Clinical Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), a severe inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract with high morbidity and mortality, affects primarily preterm infants. The diagnosis represents a challenging task, and no biomarker has been found to aid early diagnosis with high accuracy. Microdialysis has been widely used to detect metabolites of anaerobic metabolism, enabling a local and early detection of ischemia. This thesis aims to evaluate the possibility of detecting intestinal ischemic stress in experimental and clinical  NEC, by use of rectal intraluminal microdialysis. Intraluminal rectal microdialysis was performed on rats subjected to total intestinal ischemia. Metabolites of ischemia were detectable in both ileum and rectum, with raised glycerol concentrations and lactate/pyruvate ratios. Elevated concentrations of glycerol correlated to increasing intestinal histopathological injury. Experimental early NEC was induced in newborn rat pups, by hypoxia/re-oxygenation treatment. Development of NEC was confirmed by histopathology. Elevated glycerol concentrations were detected by rectal microdialysis. The genetic alterations following experimental NEC in rat pups were studied with microarray. Immunohistochemistry staining was performed for tight junction proteins claudin-1 and claudin-8. Several genes were altered in experimental NEC, mainly genes regulating tight junctions and cell adhesion. Immunohistochemistry revealed reduced expression of claudin-1. A prospective study was conducted on preterm infants with a gestational age of less than 28 weeks. The infants were admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit, and observed during a 4-week period. Rectal microdialysis was performed twice a week, and blood was drawn for analysis of I-FABP. A total of 15 infants were included in the study, whereof four infants developed NEC, and 11 served as controls. Rectal glycerol and I-FABP displayed high concentrations, which varied considerably during the observation periods, both in NEC and controls. No differences in either glycerol or I-FABP concentrations were seen in the NEC-group vs. the controls. In conclusion, rectal microdialysis can detect metabolites of intestinal ischemia, both in experimental and clinical NEC. Rectal microdialysis is safe and could provide a valuable non-invasive aid to detect hypoxia-induced intestinal damage or ischemic stress in extremely preterm infants. In this study however, it was not possible to predict the development of clinical NEC using microdialysis or I-FABP