Approche écologique et multi-modale pour étudier l'observation d'actions

Lors de l’observation de mouvements, le système perception-action permet le couplage entre les représentations visuelle et motrice du mouvement observé. Ce couplage produit des effets de facilitation motrice qui pourraient être utilisés pour entraîner le système moteur chez différentes populations cliniques. Cette thèse se propose comme un pont entre la recherche fondamentale et l’utilisation clinique de l’observation d’actions. Son objectif principal était de vérifier si les effets produits par l’observation de mouvements simples pouvaient être reproduits en utilisant des mouvements de la vie courante. Pour ce faire, les effets de l’observation d’actions ont été étudiés chez des sujets sains à l’aide d’approches tenant compte des intérêts de la réadaptation. Cette thèse devait également fournir des données sur les différences dans la réponse à l’observation d’actions entre les individus et entre les méthodes utilisées pour la mesurer. Les résultats suggèrent que le système perception-action est surtout recruté lors de l’observation de mouvements peu familiers. Aussi, nos données indiquent que l’observation de mouvements de la vie courante peut produire des patrons de facilitation anatomiquement congruents avec les mouvements observés. Nos données montrent également que la magnitude et le patron de réponse sont très variables entre les individus. De plus, les effets mesurés peuvent dépendre de la méthode utilisée pour étudier l’observation d’actions. Ainsi, il ne semble pas y avoir de relation directe entre les marqueurs comportementaux et physiologiques de la facilitation motrice induite par l’observation d’actions. À l’instar de ce qui avait été montré lors d’études utilisant des mouvements simples, l’observation de mouvements de la vie courante peut produire un patron de facilitation où la représentation du mouvement observé est associée à sa représentation dans le répertoire moteur de l’observateur. Les importantes différences inter-individuelles dans les effets suggèrent que certains individus répondent plus facilement que d’autres à l’observation d’actions. Par conséquent, identifier quels patients sont susceptibles de bénéficier le plus de l’observation d’actions en réadaptation pourrait permettre une utilisation plus efficiente de cette approche. Nous proposons qu’une étape importante du passage de l’observation d’actions vers la réadaptation sera l’identification des marqueurs qui peuvent le mieux prédire les améliorations cliniques.During action observation, the perception-action system is responsible for the coupling between the visual and motor representations of observed movement. This coupling induces motor priming effects that could be useful for training the motor system of different clinical populations. This thesis main objective was to test if the effect induced by the observation of simple movements could be obtained during the observation of everyday movements. In order to answer this question, the effect of action observation was studied in healthy subjects using approaches in line with the interests of the rehabilitation domain. Furthermore, we aimed at investigating inter-individual differences in the response to action observation and differences pertaining to the method used to measure this response. Results suggest that the perception-action system is recruited to a greater extend by unfamiliar actions. Our data also indicate that observation of everyday movements can produce anatomically congruent facilitation patterns. Importantly, the magnitude and the pattern of response to action observation greatly vary between individuals. Results also indicate that the facilitation effects can vary depending on the method used to study action observation. Indeed, there seem to be no relation between the behavioral and physiological markers of motor facilitation induced by action observation. Similar to what was shown in studies using simple movements, observing everyday movements can induce a pattern of motor facilitation where the visual representation of the observed movement is associated with its representation in the observer’s motor repertoire. The important inter-individual differences in the effects produced by action observation suggest that some individuals could respond more easily to action observation than others. Hence, identifying patients for whom rehabilitation using action observation could be the most beneficial could ensure a more efficient use of this approach. An important future step in the clinical use of action observation will be the identification of markers that could best predict the clinical improvements produced with action observation

BDNF Val66Met polymorphism is associated with self-reported empathy

Empathy is an important driver of human social behaviors and presents genetic roots that have been studied in neuroimaging using the intermediate phenotype approach. Notably, the Val66Met polymorphism of the Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene has been identified as a potential target in neuroimaging studies based on its influence on emotion perception and social cognition, but its impact on self-reported empathy has never been documented. Using a neurogenetic approach, we investigated the association between the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and self-reported empathy (Davis’ Interpersonal Reactivity Index; IRI) in a sample of 110 young adults. Our results indicate that the BDNF genotype is significantly associated with the linear combination of the four facets of the IRI, one of the most widely used self-reported empathy questionnaire. Crucially, the effect of BDNF Val66Met goes beyond the variance explained by two polymorphisms of the oxytocin transporter gene previously associated with empathy and its neural underpinnings (OXTR rs53576 and rs2254298). These results represent the first evidence suggesting a link between the BDNF gene and self-reported empathy and warrant further studies of this polymorphism due to its potential clinical significance

Modulation of Brain Activity during Action Observation: Influence of Perspective, Transitivity and Meaningfulness

The coupling process between observed and performed actions is thought to be performed by a fronto-parietal perception-action system including regions of the inferior frontal gyrus and the inferior parietal lobule. When investigating the influence of the movements' characteristics on this process, most research on action observation has focused on only one particular variable even though the type of movements we observe can vary on several levels. By manipulating the visual perspective, transitivity and meaningfulness of observed movements in a functional magnetic resonance imaging study we aimed at investigating how the type of movements and the visual perspective can modulate brain activity during action observation in healthy individuals. Importantly, we used an active observation task where participants had to subsequently execute or imagine the observed movements. Our results show that the fronto-parietal regions of the perception action system were mostly recruited during the observation of meaningless actions while visual perspective had little influence on the activity within the perception-action system. Simultaneous investigation of several sources of modulation during active action observation is probably an approach that could lead to a greater ecological comprehension of this important sensorimotor process

Sensitivity to social norm violation is related to political orientation.

Human behavior is framed by several social structures. In the present study, we focus on two of the most important determinants of social structures: social norms and political orientation. Social norms are implicit models of shared expectations about how people should behave in different social contexts. Although humans are very sensitive to violations in social norms, there are important individual differences in our sensitivity to these violations. The second concept this study focuses on is political orientation that is define by a continuum from left (liberal) to right (conservative). Individual political orientation has been found to be related to various individual traits, such as cognitive style or sensitivity to negative stimuli. Here, we propose to study the relation between sensitivity to social norm violation and political orientation. Participants completed a task presenting scenarios with different degrees of social norm violation and a questionnaire to measure their political opinions on economic and identity issues. Using hierarchical regressions, we show that individual differences in sensitivity to social norm violation are partly explained by political orientation, and more precisely by the identity axis. The more individuals have right-oriented political opinions, the more they are sensitive to social norm violation, even when multiple demographics variables are considered. Our results suggest that political orientation, especially according to identity issues, is a significant factor of individual differences in social norm processing

The Shame System Operates With High Precision

Previous research indicates that the anticipatory shame an individual feels at the prospect of taking a disgraceful action closely tracks the degree to which local audiences, and even foreign audiences, devalue those individuals who take that action. This supports the proposition that the shame system (a) defends the individual against the threat of being devalued, and (b) balances the competing demands of operating effectively yet efficiently. The stimuli events used in previous research were highly variable in their perceived disgracefulness, ranging in rated shame and audience devaluation from low (e.g., missing the target in a throwing game) to high (e.g., being discovered cheating on one's spouse). But how precise is the tracking of audience devaluation by the shame system? Would shame track devaluation for events that are similarly low (or high) in disgracefulness? To answer this question, we conducted a study with participants from the United States and India. Participants were assigned, between-subjects, to one of two conditions: shame or audience devaluation. Within-subjects, participants rated three low-variation sets of 25 scenarios each, adapted from Mu, Kitayama, Han, & Gelfand (2015), which convey (a) appropriateness (e.g., yelling at a rock concert), (b) mild disgracefulness (e.g., yelling on the metro), and (c) disgracefulness (e.g., yelling in the library), all presented un-blocked, in random order. Consistent with previous research, shame tracked audience devaluation across the high-variation superset of 75 scenarios, both within and between cultures. Critically, shame tracked devaluation also within each of the three sets. The shame system operates with high precision

Social comparison in the brain: A coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional brain imaging studies on the downward and upward comparisons

Social comparison is ubiquitous across human societies with dramatic influence on people's well-being and decision making. Downward comparison (comparing to worse-off others) and upward comparison (comparing to better-off others) constitute two types of social comparisons that produce different neuropsychological consequences. Based on studies exploring neural signatures associated with downward and upward comparisons, the current study utilized a coordinate-based meta-analysis to provide a refinement of understanding about the underlying neural architecture of social comparison. We identified consistent involvement of the ventral striatum and ventromedial prefrontal cortex in downward comparison and consistent involvement of the anterior insula and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex in upward comparison. These findings fit well with the "common-currency" hypothesis that neural representations of social gain or loss resemble those for non-social reward or loss processing. Accordingly, we discussed our findings in the framework of general reinforcement learning (RL) hypothesis, arguing how social gain/loss induced by social comparisons could be encoded by the brain as a domain-general signal (i.e., prediction errors) serving to adjust people's decisions in social settings. Although the RL account may serve as a heuristic framework for the future research, other plausible accounts on the neuropsychological mechanism of social comparison were also acknowledge

Stimulating the brain to study social interactions and empathy

Empathy is a multi-dimensional concept allowing humans to understand the emotions of others and respond adaptively from a social perspective. This mental process, essential to social interactions, has attracted the attention of many scholars from different fields of study but the blooming interest for empathy in cognitive neurosciences has rekindled this interest. This paper reviews the growing literature stemming from studies using brain stimulation techniques that have investigated directly or indirectly the different components of empathy, including resonance, self-other discrimination, and mentalizing. Some studies have also ventured toward the modulation of this complex process and toward the investigation of different components in populations that show reduced empathic skills. We argue that brain stimulation techniques have the potential to make a unique contribution to the field of empathy research with their exclusive capacity, compared to other brain imaging techniques, to modulate the neural systems involved in the distinct components of this process. Provided the development of innovative ecological paradigms that will put people in actual social interactions as well as comprehensive and adaptive models that can integrate research from different domains, the ultimate goal of this research domain is to devise protocols that can modulate empathy in people with developmental, neurological and psychiatric disorders

Variability in the effector-specific pattern of motor facilitation during the observation of everyday actions : implications for the clinical use of action observation

Action observation is increasingly considered as a rehabilitation tool as it can increase the cortical excitability of muscles involved in the observed movements and therefore produce effector-specific motor facilitation. In order to investigate the action observation mechanisms, simple single joint intransitive movements have commonly been used. Still, how the observation of everyday movements which often are the prime target of rehabilitation affects the observer cortical excitability remains unclear. Using transcranial magnetic stimulations, we aimed at verifying if the observation of everyday movements made by the proximal or distal upper-limb produces effector-specific motor facilitation in proximal (arm) and distal (hand) muscles of healthy subjects. Results suggest that, similar to simple intransitive movements, observation of more complex everyday movements involving mainly the proximal or distal part of upper limb induces different patterns of motor facilitation across upper limb muscles (P=0.02). However, we observed large inter-individual variability in the strength of the effector-specific motor facilitation induced by action observation. Yet, subjects had similar types of response (strong or weak effector-specific effects) when watching proximal or distal movements indicating that the facilitation pattern was highly consistent within subjects (r=0.83-0.88, P<0.001). This suggests that some individuals are better than other at precisely mapping the observed movements on their motor repertoire and that this type of response holds for various types of everyday actions

The Habenula in Mood Disorders: A Scoping Review of Human Studies

In animal models, the habenula has been identified as a key structure involved in depression. Thanks to recent technological advancements, a burgeoning body of work has also investigated the habenula in the context of human mood disorders. This scoping review aims to synthesize findings from human studies that pertain to the habenula and its relationship with mood disorders. The review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. The literature search was performed with PubMed and yielded 93 articles, of which 50 articles were included in the review. We found that the evidence for baseline habenular hyperactivity in human depression is mixed. As for findings from resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) studies, they were mainly inconsistent across studies. Moreover, we found no evidence indicating that mood disorders are linked to changes in the volume of the habenula. In order to enhance the replicability of findings, given the small size of the habenula, higher image resolution and larger samples are recommended for future studies