Mortalité et causes de décès en France

Composante essentielle de la structure des populations humaines, la mortalité bénéficie peu d'ouvrages en français, qui lui soient intégralement consacrés. Pourtant son intensité, de même que les causes qui la gouvernent, font en permanence l'objet de recherches variées, publiées dans les revues spécialisées des épidémiologistes ou des démographes. Cet ouvrage s'organise autour de trois axes principaux : la mortalité, les causes médicales de décès, les facteurs individuels ou collectifs sous-jacents

Early and dynamic changes in gene expression in septic shock patients: a genome-wide approach

International audienceBackground: As early and appropriate care of severe septic patients is associated with better outcome, understanding of the very first events in the disease process is needed. Pan-genomic analyses offer an interesting opportunity to study global genomic response within the very first hours after sepsis. The objective of this study was to investigate the systemic genomic response in severe intensive care unit (ICU) patients and determine whether patterns of gene expression could be associated with clinical severity evaluated by the severity score.Methods: Twenty-eight ICU patients were enrolled at the onset of septic shock. Blood samples were collected within 30 min and 24 and 48 h after shock and genomic response was evaluated using microarrays. The genome-wide expression pattern of blood leukocytes was sequentially compared to healthy volunteers and after stratification based on Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPSII) score to identify potential mechanisms of dysregulation.Results: Septic shock induces a global reprogramming of the whole leukocyte transcriptome affecting multiple functions and pathways (>71% of the whole genome was modified). Most altered pathways were not significantly different between SAPSII-high and SAPSII-low groups of patients. However, the magnitude and the duration of these alterations were different between these two groups. Importantly, we observed that the more severe patients did not exhibit the strongest modulation. This indicates that some regulation mechanisms leading to recovery seem to take place at the early stage.Conclusions: In conclusion, both pro- and anti-inflammatory processes, measured at the transcriptomic level, are induced within the very first hours after septic shock. Interestingly, the more severe patients did not exhibit the strongest modulation. This highlights that not only the responses mechanisms by themselves but mainly their early and appropriate regulation are crucial for patient recovery. This reinforces the idea that an immediate and tailored aggressive care of patients, aimed at restoring an appropriately regulated immune response, may have a beneficial impact on the outcome

Le Personnage tragique

Le thème du personnage tragique sert ici de point d’ancrage pour prendre en compte l’évolution historique et formelle du paradigme tragique. Les interrogations et contributions portent sur la lisibilité des mutations historiques du personnage tragique dans les textes et les mises en jeu produits à des époques différentes. Le domaine culturel italien sert de base et d’exemple pour préciser la fonction du personnage tragique, ce mystérieux sujet, et en déceler une éventuelle évolution, entre le XIIe siècle et nos jours. On abordera le personnage tragique comme fonction narrative, théâtrale ou opératique : les études portent sur des textes de théâtre, sur les traités de poétique, sur des réécritures de modèles qu’ils soient antiques ou shakespearien, et sur des mises en scène du XXe siècle

Association between mRNA expression of CD74 and IL10 and risk of ICU-acquired infections: a multicenter cohort study

International audienc

Extracellular Cleavage of Cadherin-11 by ADAM Metalloproteases Is Essential for Xenopus Cranial Neural Crest Cell Migration

Cell adhesion molecules such as cadherins alternate their expression throughout cranial neural crest (CNC) development, yet our understanding of the role of these molecules during CNC migration remains incomplete. The “mesenchymal” cadherin-11 is expressed in the CNC during migration yet prevents migration when overexpressed in the embryo, suggesting that a defined level of cadherin-11–mediated cell adhesion is required for migration. Here we show that members of the meltrin subfamily of ADAM metalloproteases cleave the extracellular domain of cadherin-11 during CNC migration. We show that a fragment corresponding to the putative shed form of cadherin-11 retains biological activity by promoting CNC migration in vivo, in a non-cell–autonomous manner. Additionally, cleavage of cadherin-11 does not affect binding to β-catenin and downstream signaling events. We propose that ADAM cleavage of cadherin-11 promotes migration by modifying its ability to support cell–cell adhesion while maintaining the membrane-bound pool of β-catenin associated with the cadherin-11 cytoplasmic domain