Influence of ambient temperature on diesel engine raw pollutants and fuel consumption in different driving cycles

This is the author s version of a work that was accepted for publication in International Journal of Engine Research. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published as https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087418792353[EN] The effect of low ambient temperature on diesel raw pollutant emissions is analysed in two different driving cycles: NEDC and WLTC. The study is focused on hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and fuel consumption. Tests are conducted at cold start in a HSDI light-duty diesel engine with two levels of ambient temperature: 20 degrees C and -7 degrees C. Results showed a general detriment of pollutant emissions and break thermal efficiency at low ambient temperatures. NOx is increased around 250% in both cycles when running at low temperatures. Effect on hydrocarbons is more noticeable in the NEDC, where it rises in 270%, compared with the 150% of increase in the WLTC. In the case of carbon monoxide, uncorrelated tendencies are observed between both driving cycles. Concerning the NEDC, carbon monoxide emissions increase up to 125%, while at the WLTC, they are reduced up to 20%. Finally, from the point of view of the thermal efficiency, a reduction of nearly 10% in the NEDC is observed. However, no fuel penalty is spotted regarding the WLTC.The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: The authors acknowledge the 'Apoyo para la investigacion y Desarrollo (PAID)', grant for doctoral studies (FPI S1 2015 2512), of Universitat Politecnica de Valencia.Luján, JM.; Climent, H.; Ruiz-Rosales, S.; Moratal, A. (2019). 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Instantaneous pressure measurement in pulsating high temperature internal flow in ducts

Research tasks in internal combustion engines often require instantaneous pressure measurement of the gases inside the exhaust manifold including absolute value information. In such environment, flow operation includes high temperature and extremely pulsating conditions. The work described in the paper identifies the problems that arise when acquiring absolute pressure with a piezoresistive transducer. A methodology based on using an additional cooler for a piezoresistive sensor placed between the duct and the original sensor cooler adaptor is proposed for dynamic pressure measurement. Specific tests have been performed in cold and hot pulsating flow in order to check the influence of the additional cooler geometry. It is possible to remove the effect of the additional cooler but the procedure depends on the pressure in the duct. If relevant frequencies in the signal are similar to the natural frequency of the cooler, a simple filtering technique is not recommended. In this case, direct application of the acoustic theory inside ducts allows the reconstruction of the instantaneous pressure in the duct. Comparisons between the reconstructed pressure and measurements carried out with piezoelectric transducers, which do not capture the absolute value of the signal but can be placed in the duct without using an additional cooler, in hot and pulsating flow are presented. Results confirm that the method for pressure reconstruction from additional cooled piezoresistive transducers provides accurate information for instantaneous pressure measurement in hot and pulsating flow conditions inside ducts. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Benajes Calvo, JV.; Bermúdez, V.; Climent, H.; Rivas Perea, ME. (2013). Instantaneous pressure measurement in pulsating high temperature internal flow in ducts. Applied Thermal Engineering. 61(2):48-54. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2013.07.033S485461

Potential of exhaust heat recovery for intake charge heating in a Diesel engine transient operation at cold conditions

In this paper, an experimental facility is implemented with the aim of improving the performance of internal combustion engines working at low ambient temperatures. Pollutant emissions and fuel consumption are one of the major issues that automotive engineers have to face. Cold engine start and warming up analysis have become important topics for researches. In this work, an exhaust heat recovery system for a diesel engine has been proposed as a solution to cold operation negative effects. The energy obtained from the exhaust gases was used to increase the intake air temperature. The experiments were carried out in transient load conditions at three different levels of ambient temperature (up to -7ºC). Exhaust heat recovery was combined with different strategies of exhaust gas recirculation. Intake air heating results with the heat recovery system show a reduction of 65% in unburned hydrocarbons, 40% in carbon monoxide and 10% in fuel use compared to standard air-air intercooler.This research has been partially financed by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad of Spain, through project IPT-370000-2010-022 'Investigacion y desarrollo de tecnologias de EGR adaptadas a las nuevas arquitecturas y requerimientos de refrigeracion en motores diesel sobrealimentados para automocion (HIREFIRE)'. The authors gratefully appreciate this support. Authors want to acknowledge the "Apoyo para la investigacion y Desarrollo (PAID)" grant for doctoral studies (FPI S2 2015 1062).Lujan Martinez, JM.; Climent Puchades, H.; Dolz Ruiz, V.; Moratal Martínez, AA.; Borges Alejo, J.; Soukeur, Z. (2016). Potential of exhaust heat recovery for intake charge heating in a Diesel engine transient operation at cold conditions. Applied Thermal Engineering. 105:501-508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.03.028S50150810

Analysis of fluid-dynamic guidelines in diesel particulate filter sizing for fuel consumption reduction in post-turbo and pre-turbo placement

Wall-flow particulate filters are in the present days a standard aftertreatment system widely used in diesel engines to reduce particle emissions and meet emission regulations. This paper deals with the analysis of the macro- and meso-geometry definition of the DPF monoliths from a fluid-dynamic modelling approach. Focus is driven to the analysis of the influence on pressure drop and hence on engine fuel economy. The influence of the DPF volume on the engine performance is analysed with a gas dynamic software including both post-turbo and pre-turbo placement under clean and soot loading conditions. A swept in cell density is also considered for different thermal integrity factors. This approach allows analysing the trends in pressure drop and cell unit geometric parameters defining the monolith thermal and mechanical performance. A discussion considering constant specific filtration area and constant filtration area is performed providing a comprehensive understanding of the DPF and engine response as volume and cellular geometry are changed. Results are leading to rigorously justify known but usually empirical guidelines for DPF design in post-turbo applications. A discussion on the potential for monolith volume reduction in pre-turbo applications with respect to the post-turbo baseline is addressed. This is based on the very low sensitivity of fuel consumption and pressure drop both to volume reduction and soot and ash loading with pre-turbo DPF configurationThis work has been partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through Grant No. TRA2013-40853-R. Additionally, the Ph.D. student E. Angiolini has been funded by a grant from Conselleria de Educacio, Cultura i Esport of the Generalitat Valenciana with reference GRISOLIA/2013/036. These supports are gratefully acknowledged by the authors.Serrano Cruz, JR.; Climent Puchades, H.; Piqueras Cabrera, P.; Angiolini, E. (2014). Analysis of fluid-dynamic guidelines in diesel particulate filter sizing for fuel consumption reduction in post-turbo and pre-turbo placement. Applied Energy. 132:507-523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.07.043S50752313

Use of Computed Tomography and Thermography for the Diagnosis of Respiratory Disorders in Adult Sheep

Respiratory diseases are one of the main causes of death and economic losses in sheep farming. The prevention and treatment of these diseases must be based on a correct diagnosis, which improves the results of health plans and optimizes the responsible use of medicines. Diagnostic imaging techniques are important working tools to diagnose this kind of disorders but have not always been sufficiently used in sheep. X-ray, although widely used in small animals, is not a valuable tool in field conditions. Ultrasonography is a noninvasive technique easily applied in sheep farms and very useful for the diagnosis of respiratory diseases; however, many articles have been already published on this topic. The present paper proposes and illustrates the use of thermography and computed tomography (CT) to support and improve the aforementioned techniques, taking into consideration that thermography is only useful for upper respiratory tract disorders and CT scan is an expensive technique for routine use but very illustrative to understand the pathogenesis of the different disorders and to improve the in vivo diagnosis

Heat transfer modeling in exhaust systems of high-performance two-stroke engines

Heat transfer from the hot gases to the wall in exhaust systems of high-performance two-stroke engines is underestimated using steady state with fully developed flow empirical correlations. This fact is detected when comparing measured and modeled pressure pulses in different positions in the exhaust system. This can be explained taking into account that classical expressions have been validated for fully developed flows, a situation that is far from the flow behavior in reciprocating internal combustion engines. Several researches have solved this phenomenon in four-stroke engines, suggesting that the unsteady flow is strongly linked to the heat transfer. This research evaluates the correlations proposed by other authors in four stroke engines and introduces a new heat transfer model for exhaust systems in two-stroke, high performance, gasoline engines. The model, which accounts for both the entrance length effect and flow velocity fluctuations, is validated against experimental measurements. Comparisons of the proposed model with other models are performed, showing not negligible differences in the scavenge process related parameters.Lujan Martinez, JM.; Climent Puchades, H.; Olmeda González, PC.; Jimenez Macedo, VD. (2014). Heat transfer modeling in exhaust systems of high-performance two-stroke engines. Applied Thermal Engineering. 69(1-2):96-104. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2014.04.045S96104691-

Analysis of low-pressure exhaust gases recirculation transport and control in transient operation of automotive diesel engines

[EN] The objective of the study is to determine the behavior of the low pressure exhaust gas recirculation (LP EGR) transport phenomena in the intake manifold during engine transient operation. The investigation also analyzes the influence of the propagation of the pressure waves in the intake manifold on the engine performance. In this sense, there is a clear trade-off: long intake lines improve the engine volumetric efficiency at low engine speeds but delay the EGR transport in the system. The experiments were performed on a test bench with a 1.6 liter Euro-5 specification diesel engine. A CO2 fast tracking measurement device was setup and placed in two locations in the intake line in order to track the EGR transport in transient operation. The CO2 concentration is acquired with crank-angle resolution. Three different engine transients at constant engine speed were studied. They are extreme and worst-case scenarios in driving situations: (i) from low load to full load, (ii) from full load to low load, and (iii) from low load to medium load. In this way, it is possible to observe the behavior of the engine when: (i) leaving the EGR zone, (ii) entering into the EGR zone, and (iii) changing operating point without leaving the EGR zone. A consistent methodology that combines experimental results and a 1D model capable to predict the behavior of the engine was developed. The results obtained in this investigation show a relevant phenomenon: depending on the synchronization of the EGR and Exhaust Throttle (ET) valves, an overshoot occurs when the engine enters into EGR zone. In this study, the results show the importance of the synchronization of the valves that control the EGR strategy. Comparisons between measured and modeled CO2 concentrations lead to conclude that the EGR transport during engine transient operation is correctly predicted within a 1D engine code.Luján, JM.; Climent, H.; Arnau Martínez, FJ.; Miguel-García, J. (2018). Analysis of low-pressure exhaust gases recirculation transport and control in transient operation of automotive diesel engines. Applied Thermal Engineering. 137:184-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.03.085S18419213

Influence of a low pressure EGR loop on a gasoline turbocharged direct injection engine

his paper presents an experimental study of a low pressure EGR loop on a spark ignition (SI) Gasoline Turbocharged Direct Injection (GTDI) engine that will improve the understanding on the advantages and disadvantages of this strategy. Two steady engine operating conditions were investigated, 10 bar and 17 bar at 2000 rpm. At partial load conditions a combustion, performance, air management and exhaust gas emissions study was performed in order to analyses the EGR effect on the GTDI engine. The main advantages found were the reduction in fuel consumption due to the better combustion phasing, and the reduction in pumping losses and heat losses through the cylinder walls. A reduction on NOx, CO and soot was also observed when introducing EGR at these operating conditions. The main disadvantage found was the water condensation after the intercooler. At high load conditions similar analysis and conclusions to the partial load conditions are obtained. The EGR also allowed the combustion to be phased in a more efficient angle by reducing the risk of knocking, which helped reduce the exhaust gas temperature, despite the elimination of the fuel enrichment strategy..A reduction on CO and soot raw emissions was also observed when introducing EGR, as observed at partial load conditions, but a high reduction in NOx, CO, HC and soot emissions was observed after the catalyst since the fuel enrichment strategy is eliminated when cooled EGR is introduced. The main disadvantage found was the turbocharger limitation since higher compression ratio is required in order to keep the same air mass flow as the reference conditions without EGR. The original turbocharger is not designed to provide this higher compression ratio at low engine speed and high load. Results confirm how introducing EGR is a suitable strategy to control knocking and reduce simultaneously exhaust gas temperature and fuel consumption, but the disadvantages found in this investigation must be solved to assure its feasibility as a powerful technology to be implemented in future SI engines.Luján, JM.; Climent, H.; Novella Rosa, R.; Rivas Perea, ME. (2015). Influence of a low pressure EGR loop on a gasoline turbocharged direct injection engine. Applied Thermal Engineering. 89:432-443. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.06.039S4324438

Exhaust gas recirculation dispersion analysis using in-cylinder pressure measurements in automotive diesel engines

Current diesel engines are struggling to achieve exhaust emissions regulations margins, in certain cases penalizing the fuel consumption. The exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) continues to be employed as a technique to reduce NOx emissions. EGR dispersion between cylinders is one important issue when a high pressure (HP) loop is used. Different techniques have been developed in order to analyze the EGR dispersion between cylinders in an engine test bench. In this paper a methodology using the in-cylinder pressure was developed. The in-cylinder pressure was used to calculate a heat release law and combustion parameters that were used to analyze the EGR dispersion between cylinders. Engine test measurements at three different engine speeds and with three different HP-EGR configurations were performed in order to assess the developed analysis methodology. NOx emissions and fuel consumption were also compared between the different HP-EGR configurations to complete the analysis. The developed methodology was successfully used in three different operating conditions for three different HP-EGR configurations, showing the relation between the decrease in EGR dispersion between cylinders and the decrease in NOx emissions, while maintaining and, in some points, improving the fuel consumption.Luján, JM.; Climent, H.; Pla Moreno, B.; Rivas Perea, ME.; Francois, N.; Borges Alejo, J.; Soukeur, Z. (2015). Exhaust gas recirculation dispersion analysis using in-cylinder pressure measurements in automotive diesel engines. Applied Thermal Engineering. 89:459-468. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.06.029S4594688

Short-Course High-Intensity Statin Treatment during Admission for Myocardial Infarction and LDL-Cholesterol Reduction-Impact on Tailored Lipid-Lowering Therapy at Discharge

[EN] We hypothesized that a short-course high-intensity statin treatment during admission for myocardial infarction (MI) could rapidly reduce LDL-C and thus impact the choice of lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) at discharge. Our cohort comprised 133 MI patients (62.71 +/- 11.3 years, 82% male) treated with atorvastatin 80 mg o.d. during admission. Basal LDL-C levels before admission were analyzed. We compared lipid profile variables before and during admission, and LLT at discharge was registered. Achieved theoretical LDL-C levels were estimated using LDL-C during admission and basal LDL-C as references and compared to LDL-C on first blood sample 4-6 weeks after discharge. A significant reduction in cholesterol from basal levels was noted during admission, including total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-C, non-HDL-C, and LDL-C (-39.23 +/- 34.89 mg/dL, p < 0.001). LDL-C levels were reduced by 30% in days 1-2 and 40-45% in subsequent days (R-2 0.766, p < 0.001). Using LDL-C during admission as a reference, most patients (88.7%) would theoretically achieve an LDL-C < 55 mg/dL with discharge LLT. However, if basal LDL-C levels were considered as a reference, only a small proportion of patients (30.1%) would achieve this lipid target, aligned with the proportion of patients with LDL-C < 55 mg/dL 4-6 weeks after discharge (36.8%). We conclude that statin treatment during admission for MI can induce a significant reduction in LDL-C and LLT at discharge is usually prescribed using LDL-C during admission as the reference, which leads to insufficient LDL-C reduction after discharge. Basal LDL-C before admission should be considered as the reference value for tailored LLT prescription.This work was supported by grants from Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Fondos Europeos de Desarrollo Regional FEDER , and Fondo Social Europeo Plus (FSE + ) (grant numbers PI20/00637, PI23/01150, and CIBERCV16/11/00486, and CM21/00175 and JR23/00032 to V.M.-G.), Conselleria de Educación Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEO/2021/008) and GE 2023 grant by the Conselleria de Innovación, Universidades, Ciencia y Sociedad Digital of the Generalitat Valenciana (CIGE/2022/26). J.G. acknowledges financial support from the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (grant FJC2020-043981-I).Marcos-Garces, V.; Merenciano-Gonzalez, H.; Martinez Mas, ML.; Palau, P.; Climent Alberola, JI.; Pérez, N.; Lopez-Bueno, L.... (2024). Short-Course High-Intensity Statin Treatment during Admission for Myocardial Infarction and LDL-Cholesterol Reduction-Impact on Tailored Lipid-Lowering Therapy at Discharge. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 13(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm1301012713