Multiple techniques for lake restoration

Lake Finjasjön is a shallow, eutrophic lake (area 1100 ha, mean depth 3 m, maximum depth 13 m) in southern Sweden. In the 1920s, the lake was clear, with a summer Secci depth of about 2 m. During the first half of the 20th century, untreated sewage from the town polluted the lake. In the 1930s, the lake began to show eutrophic characteristics, and in the 1940s, the cyanobacterium Gloetrichia echinulata dominated in summer. In 1949, the first municipal sewage treatment plant was built. The treatment was, however, insufficient, since the lake continued to be the recipient of the effluent with the result that the occurrence of cyanobacteria became more frequent. Species such as Microcystis and Anabaena caused skin rash and allergic symptoms among swimmers. The phosphorus load on Lake Finjasjön increased as the population of Hässleholm grew and reached a peak value of 65 tons annum1 in 1965. In 1977, the sewage plant was rebuilt to include chemical flocculation, reducing the total external phosphorus load to about 5 tons annum1. Despite this improvement the lake did not recover from its chronic and toxic cyanobacterial blooms. Phosphorus-leaking black sediments were identified as the cause of the lake’s failure to recover. Some 60 % of lakebed area is covered with sediments on average 3 m thick. Dredging the sediments was started on a large scale in 1987. Five years later, 25 % of the sediment area had been removed but the dredging was stopped since phosphorus continued to be released into the water from these areas. In 1992

The Role of Interaction Quality and Switching Costs in Premium Banking Services

Purpose - This paper re-examines the commitment-trust model (Morgan and Hunt, 1994) in the context of premium banking services. Inline with Toncar and Munch (2010) we seek to develop an extension to the model because of the need to encapsulate contextual variables that constrain the link between the core relationship marketing constructs of trust and commitment.Design/methodology/approach - A series of qualitative interviews were administered with bank relationship managers and premium banking customers. This enabled the concurrent consideration of both bank and customer views that helped to establish converging lines of thought within the bank-customer relationship.Findings - Our findings provided evidence of the commitment-trust link, and in particular continuance-based commitment, within the context of premium banking relationships. By triangulating our findings with current thinking in relationship marketing literature we present propositions for interaction quality and switching costs to be salient moderators between trust and commitment in this premium segment. A conceptual model that outlines the interplay between these four constructs is offered.Originality/value - Few have examined the commitment-trust link in light of moderator variables within retail banking services, and this research is the first to examine this specifically in the premium banking segment where customers are likely to be financially savvier and less knowledge dependent. This research therefore takes the first step in developing an extension to the commitment-trust model for this segment, and forms the basis for further empirical research to examine the specific impact of interaction quality and switching costs, particularly in relation to continuance-based commitment

Cytogenetics of B-Chromosomes

SUMMARYThe author intends to give this as a contribution in the discussion relating to a non-homogeneous group of chromosomes, variously known as accessory, B, extra or supernumerary. The term B-chromosome is considered the most appropriate. Moreover, the author discusses the terminology, the presence of B-chromosomes in animals and plants, and their principal cytogenetic characteristics