Cointegration and the demand for gasoline

Since the early 1970s there has been a worldwide upsurge in the price of energy and in particular of gasoline. Therefore, demand functions for energy and its components like gasoline have received much attention. However, since confidence in the estimated demand functions is important for use in policy and forecasting, following Amarawickrama and Hunt (2008), this paper estimates the demand for gasoline is estimated with 6 alternative time series techniques with data from Fiji. Estimates with these 6 alternative techniques are very close and thus increase our confidence in them. We found that gasoline demand is both price and income inelastic.Gasoline Demand, Income and price elasticities, Cointegration

ARE US GASOLINE PRICE ADJUSTMENTS ASYMMETRIC?

We use the LSE-Hendry general to specific approach to analyse if US gasoline price adjustments are asymmetric with respect to changes in crude oil prices. Furthermore, we modify some weaknesses in the earlier works by Boreinstein, Cameron and Gilbert (1997) and Bachmeier and Griffin (2003) and shows that if the price adjustment equations are properly specified and estimated, alternative specifications and temporal aggregation of data do not affect the results. Monthly US data are used to show that alternative specifications give equally good results and there is no asymmetry in the US gasoline price adjustments.Asymmetric price adjustments, Market power, General to specific approach, Error correction models and Gasoline and crude oil prices

In situ method for power re-equalization of wavelength pulses inside of OCDMA codes

A simple in-situ method to equalize power among individual wavelengths pulses representing two-dimensional wavelength-hopping time-spreading OCDMA code originally generated by a fibre Bragg grating-based OCDMA encoder is presented. Experimental data obtained in a field-based multiuser OCDMA testbed shows that applying this method results in system performance enhancements which was demonstrated by observing improved bit error rate (BER) during the field trials

Generation of Hidden Optical-Polarization: Squeezing and Non-Classicality

A monochromatic double-mode coherent light endowed with orthogonally polarized photons propagating collinearly is studied in Degenerate Parametric Amplification. Generation of Hidden Optical- Polarized States is shown by non-zero values of Index of Hidden Optical-Polarization. Squeezing in HOPS is demonstrated by recognizing a Squeezing function. The Non-Classical feature of HOPS is observed by 'degree of Hidden Optical-Polarization' which attains non-classical value 'greater than unity'. The dynamical nature of Generation, Squeezing and Non-Classicality are numerically presented.Comment: 14 pages and 02 figure

Two Decades of Globalization in Uttar Pradesh and Increasing Problems and Challenges before Agricultural Workers

To overcome the financial crisis, occurred in 1980s, India had undertaken economic reform measures for economic growth towards reducing unemployment and poverty. In this period, decline of economic growth, Uttar Pradesh, had also experienced. Towards tackling the decline in agrarian economic growth, the state government, by trapping the opportunity of undertaken economic reform measures by the central government, had undertaken economic reform measures through formulating Industrial Policies 1998 and 2004. On the adopted pattern of the central government for achieving economic growth and development through designing pro-service sector (urban centric) economic reform measures (treating service sector as engine of economic growth and development), the state government had also made almost the same efforts. The economic growth was planned to be achieved through industrial and agricultural growth. Resultantly, state economy grew but with imbalanced growth in economic sectors. Now service sector is dominant over the economies of India and Uttar Pradesh. In the globalization period, economic reform has adversely affected growth and development of agriculture sector, which provides foods to State’s 72 percent populations. Todate, agriculture sector is being characterized by low growth, low employment, low crop, low income and high inputs. The largest population of agricultural workers (landless families and small land holder families) has also got adversely affected. The policy discrimination with agriculture sector has widened the rural-urban and rich-poor divide. In result, agricultural workers are shifting from agricultural works to non-agricultural works. Today, they are facing problems and challenges, likes, inadequate and irregular employment days, inadequate wages, inadequate income, low bargaining power, poor access to social security scheme, etc. The post economic reform effects are also raising the questions on the achievement of objectives (reducing unemployment and poverty) of Industrial policies and advertisement of good governance and inclusive growth for all. Keywords: Globalization, Shrinking Agricultural Growth, Indian Economy, Economic Growth, Imbalanced Growth, Agricultural Workers, Uttar Prades