Heat stress tolerance in peas (Pisum sativum L.): Current status and way forward

In the era of climate change, the overall productivity of pea (Pisum sativum L.) is being threatened by several abiotic stresses including heat stress (HS). HS causes severe yield losses by adversely affecting several traits in peas. A reduction in pod yield has been reported from 11.1% to 17.5% when mean daily temperature increase from 1.4 to 2.2°C. High-temperature stress (30.5-33°C) especially during reproductive phase is known to drastically reduce both seed yield and germination. HS during germination and early vegetative stage resulted in poor emergence and stunted plant growth along with detrimental effects on physiological functions of the pea plant. To combat HS and continue its life cycle, plants use various defense strategies including heat escape, avoidance or tolerance mechanisms. Ironically, the threshold temperatures for pea plant and its responses are inconsistent and not yet clearly identified. Trait discovery through traditional breeding such as semi leaflessness (afila), upright growing habit, lodging tolerance, lower canopy temperature and small seeded nature has highlighted their utility for greater adaptation under HS in pea. Screening of crop gene pool and landraces for HS tolerance in a targeted environment is a simple approach to identify HS tolerant genotypes. Thus, precise phenotyping using modern phenomics tools could lead to increased breeding efficiency. The NGS (next generation sequencing) data can be associated to find the candidate genes responsible for the HS tolerance in pea. In addition, genomic selection, genome wide association studies (GWAS) and marker assisted selection (MAS) can be used for the development of HS tolerant pea genotypes. Additionally, development of transgenics could be an alternative strategy for the development of HS tolerant pea genotypes. This review comprehensively covers the various aspects of HS tolerance mechanisms in the pea plant, screening protocols, omic advances, and future challenges for the development of HS tolerant genotypes

Interaction studies in binary liquid mixtures of ether and alcohols at different temperatures

1314-1324Densities (ρ), speeds of sound (µ) and viscosities (η) of binary liquid mixtures of triethylene glycol monomethyl ether and alcohols (1-hexanol, 1-octanol, and 1-decanol) and those of pure liquids at 293.15, 298.15, 303.15 and 308.15 K and atmospheric pressure are reported over the entire composition range. Using the experimental results, excess molar volumes (V), isentropic compressibilities (κs), deviation of isentropic compressibilities (∆κs), deviation of the speeds of sound (∆u) and viscosity deviations (∆η) have been calculated to understand the intermolecular interactions between the component molecules. These excess properties have been correlated with composition using the Redlich-Kister polynomial equation. The positive values of VEm and ∆κs show that volume expansion takes place on addition of alcohols to the ether. The negative values of ∆u and ∆η also indicate the presence of weak intermolecular forces which follow the order: 1-hexanol > 1-octanol > 1-decanol

Volumetric and acoustic studies of binary liquid mixtures containing diisopropylamine and alcohols at different temperatures

495-502The experimental density and speed of sound of pure diisopropylamine, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol and their binary mixtures with diisopropylamine as the common component are reported in the temperature range 293.15–313.15 K and at atmospheric pressure. Thermodynamic properties like excess molar volume, excess molar isentropic compressibility, deviation in speed of sound, apparent molar volume, partial molar volume, excess partial molar volume, and excess partial molar volume at infinite dilution have been calculated using the experimental density and speed of sound data for the studied mixtures at varying temperatures. Thermoacoustic parameters like excess intermolecular free-length and excess acoustic impedance have been calculated and analysed in terms of the effects of chain length, position of functional group and temperature on intermolecular interactions. Experimental results for speed of sound have been compared with those calculated using theoretical approaches of Nomoto, Van Dael, Jacobson’s free length theory and Schaaff’s collision factor theory. The calculated excess and deviation properties have been correlated with the composition of the binary mixtures using the Redlich-Kister type polynomial. The Jouyban-Acree model has also been used to correlate the density and speed of sound of all the binary mixtures. The binary coefficients of the Redlich-Kister polynomial along and Jouyban-Acree model have been estimated using the method of least squares. The correlating ability of both the approaches was tested by calculating the standard deviations. PFP theory was also applied to estimate the excess molar volume of the studied binary mixtures

Volumetric and acoustic studies of binary liquid mixtures containing diisopropylamine and alcohols at different temperatures

The experimental density and speed of sound of pure diisopropylamine, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol and their binary mixtures with diisopropylamine as the common component are reported in the temperature range 293.15–313.15 K and at atmospheric pressure. Thermodynamic properties like excess molar volume, excess molar isentropic compressibility, deviation in speed of sound, apparent molar volume, partial molar volume, excess partial molar volume, and excess partial molar volume at infinite dilution have been calculated using the experimental density and speed of sound data for the studied mixtures at varying temperatures. Thermoacoustic parameters like excess intermolecular free-length and excess acoustic impedance have been calculated and analysed in terms of the effects of chain length, position of functional group and temperature on intermolecular interactions. Experimental results for speed of sound have been compared with those calculated using theoretical approaches of Nomoto, Van Dael, Jacobson’s free length theory and Schaaff’s collision factor theory. The calculated excess and deviation properties have been correlated with the composition of the binary mixtures using the Redlich-Kister type polynomial. The Jouyban-Acree model has also been used to correlate the density and speed of sound of all the binary mixtures. The binary coefficients of the Redlich-Kister polynomial along and Jouyban-Acree model have been estimated using the method of least squares. The correlating ability of both the approaches was tested by calculating the standard deviations. PFP theory was also applied to estimate the excess molar volume of the studied binary mixtures

Trans-orbital orbitocranial penetrating injury by pointed iron rod

Trans-orbital orbitocranial penetrating injury (TOPI) by a foreign body is an extremely rare compound head injury having a potential to cause major morbidity and mortality. Preoperative radiological imaging by CT scan is very important for operative guidance, but in remote area where CT scan is not available, the patient is generally referred to tertiary level. Here we present a case which was dealt successfully without CT scan, only on the basis of stable clinical status and X-rays. We present a case of a 35-year-old man who had an accidental injury (fall from height) by rod. Immediate X-ray (anteroposterior and lateral views) revealed that the pointed end of the foreign body (rod) was inside the ipsilateral anterior fossa via basifrontal bone up to frontal vertex, not crossing the midline. CT scan was not available and his vitals with GCS were normal (15/15). He was operated with the help of an ophthalmic surgeon by right frontotemporal craniotomy. The patient was discharged on 10th day without any neurological deficit except restricted right eyeball movement to superolateral and ptosis. The restricted eyeball movements recovered after third month of follow up with remnant ptosis for 2 years. This case highlights an unusual case, direct visualization and repair of brain structures with higher antibiotics can save the life even in remote areas where CT scan is still not available only on the basis of stable GCS and X-rays

Refractive indices of binary liquid mixtures using various mixing rules at 308.15 K

842-844Theoretical predictions of refractive indices of five binary liquid mixtures of 1.1, 2.2-tetrachloroethane with benzene, toluene, p- xylene, acetone and cyclohexane have been made using various mixing rules. Results obtained have been discussed in terms of average percentage deviations

Density, Speed of Sound, Viscosity, Excess Properties, and Prigogine–Flory–Patterson (PFP) Theory of Binary Mixtures of Amine and Alcohols

Various thermodynamic parameters of the binary mixtures of [diisopropylamine (DIIPA) + 2-methyl-1-propanol, + 2-propanol, and + 1-butanol] have been measured over the entire composition range and at a temperature range of (293.15 to 313.15) K. Here, the Redlich–Kister type polynomial equation is used to derive the coefficients and standard deviations. The negative value obtained for excess molar volume (<i>V</i>_<i>m</i>^<i>E</i>) and excess molar isentropic compressibility (<i>K</i>_{<i>S</i>,<i>m</i>}^<i>E</i>) shows the presence of strong molecular interactions. The calculated apparent molar volume, <i>V</i>_φ,1, and apparent molar compressibility, <i>K</i>_φ,1, predicts volume contraction of the solution with the addition of alcohol in DIIPA. The obtained excess molar volume (<i>V</i>_<i>m</i>^<i>E</i>) has then been correlated by using the Prigogine–Flory–Patterson (PFP) theory

Refractive indices of binary liquid mixtures of squalane with benzene, cyclohexane and hexane at 298.15 to 313.15 K

776-780Densities, ρ, at 298.15 K and refractive indices, n, at 298.15, 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15 K have been measured for the binary liquid mixtures of squalane with benzene, cyclohexane and hexane over the whole mole fraction range. From refractive index data, the refractive index deviations, Δn, at different temperatures have been calculated and fitted to the Redlich-Kister polynomial equation to estimate the adjustable parameters and the standard deviations. Further, theoretical prediction of refractive indices of these binary liquid mixtures at 298.15 K have been made using various mixing rules. Results obtained have been discussed in terms of average percentage deviations