The history of Sutter\u27s Fort, 1839-1931

Of all the stories and articles written about Captain J.A. Sutter in recent years, not one of them has adequately covered the history of his famous Fort. To the layman the fort itself may seem unimportant, but when we stop to consider that it was an outpost of civilization penetrating the wilderness of Central California, offering shelter to those who pioneered before us; we must confess that its existence was necessary to protect and usher into full City-hood, the infant Sacramento, then known as New Helvetia

Endoplasmic reticulum stress and cell death in mTORC1-overactive cells is induced by nelfinavir and enhanced by chloroquine

Inappropriate activation of mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is common in cancer and has many cellular consequences including elevated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Cells employ autophagy as a critical compensatory survival mechanism during ER stress. This study utilised drug-induced ER stress through nelfinavir in order to examine ER stress tolerance in cell lines with hyper-active mTORC1 signalling. Our initial findings in wild type cells showed nelfinavir inhibited mTORC1 signalling and upregulated autophagy, as determined by decreased rpS6 and S6K1 phosphorylation, and SQTSM1 protein expression, respectively. Contrastingly, cells with hyper-active mTORC1 displayed basally elevated levels of ER stress which was greatly exaggerated following nelfinavir treatment, seen through increased CHOP mRNA and XBP1 splicing. To further enhance the effects of nelfinavir, we introduced chloroquine as an autophagy inhibitor. Combination of nelfinavir and chloroquine significantly increased ER stress and caused selective cell death in multiple cell line models with hyper-active mTORC1, whilst control cells with normalised mTORC1 signalling tolerated treatment. By comparing chloroquine to other autophagy inhibitors, we uncovered that selective toxicity invoked by chloroquine was independent of autophagy inhibition yet entrapment of chloroquine to acidified lysosomal/endosomal compartments was necessary for cytotoxicity. Our research demonstrates that combination of nelfinavir and chloroquine has therapeutic potential for treatment of mTORC1-driven tumours

The history of Sutter\u27s Fort, 1839-1931

Of all the stories and articles written about Captain J.A. Sutter in recent years, not one of them has adequately covered the history of his famous Fort. To the layman the fort itself may seem unimportant, but when we stop to consider that it was an outpost of civilization penetrating the wilderness of Central California, offering shelter to those who pioneered before us; we must confess that its existence was necessary to protect and usher into full City-hood, the infant Sacramento, then known as New Helvetia