CONTRIBUTION À L'ANALYSE DES DONNÉES FLOUES

In many fields of science, the nature of data sometimes makes difficult the construction and analysis of data tables by the traditional methods of descriptive statistics. This is most often imprecise knowledge or waves that may be of a given phenomenon. If the question "How old are you? "We answer" about 30 years ", such a response can not be seen as a statistical character in the classic sense of the term. The problem arises here at all possible observations. This set is not clear, it is blurred. Hence the need to clarify the concept of fuzzy randomness, specifically fuzzy qualitative nature for which we propose an interpretation in terms of the subset. If the notion of probability seems appropriate to deal with uncertain events, that possibility is more appropriate when events are unclear.Dans plusieurs domaines de la science, la nature des données rend parfois difficile la construction et l'analyse des tableaux de données par les méthodes traditionnelles de la statistique descriptive. Il s'agit le plus souvent de connaissances imprécises ou vagues que l'on peut avoir d'un phénomène donné. Si à la question « quel âge avez-vous ? », l'on répond « environ 30 ans », une telle réponse ne peut pas être vue comme un caractère statistique au sens classique du terme. Le problème se pose ici au niveau de l'ensemble des observations possibles. Cet ensemble n'est pas net, il est flou. D'où la nécessité de préciser la notion de caractère statistique flou, et plus précisément de caractère qualitatif flou pour lequel nous proposons une interprétation en terme de sous-ensemble. Si la notion de probabilité semble appropriée pour traiter des événements incertains, celle de possibilité est plus indiquée quand les événements sont imprécis

Efficacy of non-artemisinin- and artemisinin-based combination therapies for uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Cameroon

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The use of drug combinations, including non-artemisinin-based and artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT), is a novel strategy that enhances therapeutic efficacy and delays the emergence of multidrug-resistant <it>Plasmodium falciparum</it>. Its use is strongly recommended in most sub-Saharan African countries, namely Cameroon, where resistance to chloroquine is widespread and antifolate resistance is emerging.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Studies were conducted in Cameroonian children with acute uncomplicated <it>P. falciparum </it>malaria according to the standard World Health Organization protocol at four sentinel sites between 2003 and 2007. A total of 1,401 children were enrolled, of whom 1,337 were assigned to randomized studies and 64 were included in a single non-randomized study. The proportions of adequate clinical and parasitological response (PCR-uncorrected on day 14 and PCR-corrected on day 28) were the primary endpoints to evaluate treatment efficacy on day 14 and day 28. The relative effectiveness of drug combinations was compared by a multi-treatment Bayesian random-effect meta-analysis.</p> <p>Findings</p> <p>The results based on the meta-analysis suggested that artesunate-amodiaquine (AS-AQ) is as effective as other drugs (artesunate-sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine [AS-SP], artesunate-chlorproguanil-dapsone [AS-CD], artesunate-mefloquine [AS-MQ], dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine [DH-PP], artemether-lumefantrine [AM-LM], amodiaquine, and amodiaquine-sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine [AQ-SP]). AM-LM appeared to be the most effective with no treatment failure due to recrudescence, closely followed by DH-PP.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Although AM-LM requires six doses, rather than three doses for other artemisinin-based combinations, it has potential advantages over other forms of ACT. Further studies are needed to evaluate the clinical efficacy and tolerance of these combinations in different epidemiological context.</p

Роль «национальной» политики центра в разногласиях в руководстве Азербайджана (вторая половина - 20-х – 30-е годы ХХ века)

International audienc

Les surcouts du camionnage en Afrique après la dévaluation du franc CFA

Cameroon and Ivory Coast accompanied the devaluation of CFA franc (January 1994) by reduction of taxation intended to contain the rise of the prices and, in the field of transport, by policies intended to restore the state of the road network and to return the haulage sector toward a more market. Investigations into the prices and costs of haulage carried out in 1988, before the devaluation, and 1996, 2 years afterwards, make it possible to measure the reduction of the prices in currencies of this service and to appreciate the evolution. The noted drop in the haulage prices in currencies, is mainly related to the reduction on the taxation of imported production factors (vehicles, fuel, spare parts). Two effects are worrying for the system sustainability: an ageing of the park, related to the carrier incapacity to purchase new vehicles, and an increase in average tonnage by loading, well beyond what the roadways can normally support.Le Cameroun et la Côte d’Ivoire ont accompagné la dévaluation du Franc CFA de janvier 1994 par une réduction de la fiscalité destinée à contenir la hausse des prix et, dans le domaine des transports, par des politiques destinées à rétablir l’état du réseau routier et à rendre le marché des services de camionnage plus concurrentiel. Des enquêtes sur les prix et coûts de camionnage menées en 1988, avant la dévaluation, et en 1996, 2 ans après celle-ci, permettent d’en apprécier l’évolution. La baisse constatée des prix en devises du camionnage est liée principalement à la réduction de la fiscalité sur les facteurs de production importés (véhicules, carburant, pièces détachées). On constate deux effets inquiétants pour la pérennité du système : un vieillissement du parc, lié à l’incapacité des transporteurs à racheter des véhicules neufs, et une augmentation du tonnage moyen par chargement, bien au-delà de ce que les chaussées peuvent normalement supporter

Fuzzy Triangular Aggregation Operators

We present a new class of fuzzy aggregation operators that we call fuzzy triangular aggregation operators. To do so, we focus on the situation where the available information cannot be assessed with exact numbers and it is necessary to use another approach to assess uncertain or imprecise information such as fuzzy numbers. We also use the concept of triangular norms (t-norms and t-conorms) as pseudo-arithmetic operations. As a result, we get notably the fuzzy triangular weighted arithmetic (FTWA), the fuzzy triangular ordered weighted arithmetic (FTOWA), the fuzzy generalized triangular weighted arithmetic (FGTWA), the fuzzy generalized triangular ordered weighted arithmetic (FGTOWA), the fuzzy triangular weighted quasi-arithmetic (Quasi-FTWA), and the fuzzy triangular ordered weighted quasi-arithmetic (Quasi-FTOWA) operators. Main properties of these operators are discussed as well as their comparison with other existing ones. The fuzzy triangular aggregation operators not only cover a wide range of useful existing fuzzy aggregation operators but also provide new interesting cases. Finally, an illustrative example is also developed regarding the selection of strategies