Development of Small Business Subjects as Precondition for the New Lobs Creation: legal aspect

The article deals with the problem of creating jobs through development of small enterprises subjects; property copyright ways to solve this problem are offered

BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT BASED ON VECTOR WORK WITH BUYERS

The possibility of using ABC and XYZ analysis to systematize customers by degree of reliability by group positions has been presented. The approach of vector work with customers has been proposed, which implies the assessment of receivables by means of their ranking by key criteria, identifying those, who are less exposed to the risk of default on money. The basis for the implementation of the formulated information base can be used when building an evaluation card of buyers - debtors for taking specific measures for business development

LYMPH NODE REGULATORY T-CELL IN Muc2-/- MICE WITH HELICOBACTER SPP.

The immune processes associated with the formation of resistance to pathogens in the intestine depend on the microbiome. The maintenance of homeostasis in the intestine is provided by regulatory T-cells. In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), both a disturbance of the T-regulatory function and changes in microflora are observed. Aggravation of the disease is accompanied by various infections. However, pathobionts such as Helicobacter spp., can affect regulatory T-cells. One of the genetic models for studying IBD is Muc2 knockout mice. In these mice, as in humans with IBD, intestinal epithelial and immune cells closely interact with the microflora. It is believed that the immune cells of the lymph nodes Muc2-/- mice are sensitive to changes in the microflora formed in them. In this study, the effect of Helicobacter spp. on the number and percentage of different types of leukocytes and T regulatory cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes of Muc2-/- mice was studied. The number of CD45+CD19+, CD45+CD3+, CD45+CD3+CD4+, CD45+CD3+CD8+-cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes of Muc2-/- mice was significantly higher to compare with wild-type Muc2+/+ mice. However, the presence of infection in Muc2-/- mice canceled the increase in the number of CD45+CD19+, CD45+CD3+, CD45+CD3+CD4+, CD45+CD3+CD8+-cells. In wild-type Muc2+/+ mice, infection had no significant effect on cells in mesenteric lymph nodes. This change in the decrease in immune cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes under the Helicobacter spp. may be associated with the activation of regulatory T-cells. Indeed, it has been shown that the presence of a congenital Helicobacter spp. infection increased of the number of regulatory T-cells (CD45+CD4+CD25+FoxP3+) in the mesenteric lymph nodes. Well known that regulatory T-cells mediate anti-inflammatory responses in the gut. Thus, an increase in regulatory T-cells promotes a decrease in all types of immune cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes of Muc2-/- mice infected with Helicobacter spp. It could provide an improvement in the vital functions of these mice and possibly reduces inflammatory responses in the intestine. This may indicate that some congenital pathobionts activate of the regulatory mechanisms of immunity and, thereby, have a beneficial effect on the host

INFLUENCE OF BIMODAL STRUCTURE ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF Ti–14Al–3Nb–3V–0.5Zr ALLOY

В работе определены кратковременные механические свойства сплава Ti–14Al–3Nb–3V–0,5Zr при температурах 20° и 700 °С. Показано, что использование обратимого легирования водородом позволяет создать в жаропрочном сплаве, содержащем малую объемную долю β-фазы, бимодальные структуры с различными соотношением объёмных долей и размерами структурных составляющих α2-фазы, обладающие повышенным комплексом механических свойств.In this work short-term mechanical properties of Ti–14Al–3Nb–3V–0.5Zr alloy are determined at the temperatures of температурах 20° and 700°С. It is shown that reversible hydrogen alloying allows obtaining in the heat-resistance alloy with low volume fraction of β-phase bimodal structures with different volume fractions ratio and sizes of α2-phase structural constituents and advanced mechanical properties complex

Modified siRNA effectively silence inducible immunoproteasome subunits in NSO cells

© 2016 Elsevier B.V. and Société française de biochimie et biologie Moléculaire (SFBBM). All rights reserved.The pathogenesis of autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases involves overexpression of inducible subunits of the immunoproteasome. However, the clinical application of inhibitors to inducible subunits of the immunoproteasome has been limited due to systemic toxicity. Here, we designed siRNAs that efficiently silence LMP2, LMP7 and MECL-1 gene expression. Inducible subunits of the immunoproteasome are complex siRNA targets because they have a long half-life; therefore, we introduced 2′-O-methyl modifications into nuclease-sensitive sites. This led to 90-95% silencing efficiency and prolonged silencing, eliminating the need for multiple transfections. Furthermore, we showed that in the absence of transfection reagent, siRNAs with lipophilic residues were able to penetrate cells more effectively and decrease the expression of inducible immunoproteasome subunits by 35% after 5 days. These results show that siRNA targeted to inducible immunoproteasome subunits have great potential for the development of novel therapeutics for autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases

УПРАВЛЕНИЕ ФАЗОВЫМ СОСТАВОМ, СТРУКТУРОЙ И КОМПЛЕКСОМ СВОЙСТВ ВЫСОКОМОДУЛЬНОГО ТИТАНОВОГО СПЛАВА МЕТОДАМИ ТЕРМОВОДОРОДНОЙ ОБРАБОТКИ

This paper considers the possibility and efficiency of thermohydrogen processing of the high-modulus Ti–8,7Al–1,5Zr–2,0Mo titanium alloy with aluminum content exceeding its solubility limit in α-titanium. Experimental data on the effect of hydrogen on the alloy phase composition and structure are obtained. Regularities of phase transformations in the hydrogen-containing alloy are analyzed under different thermal effects. An alloy–hydrogen system is diagramed in the hydrogen concentration range from the initial content up to 1,0 wt.% and temperature range from 20 up to 1100 °C. It is shown that a β single-phase structure forms in the alloy via quenching from the temperatures of β range at a hydrogen content of 0,6 wt.% or more. Hydrogen saturation up to 0,8–1,0 wt.% causes β → δ hydride shear transformation during quenching from the temperatures below 750 °C and results in partial eutectoidal β phase transformation at slow cooling. It is stated that hydrogen extends the region of β phase stability by decreasing the temperature of β / (α + β) transition by 210 °C (at 1,0 wt.% of hydrogen) and increases the temperature of α2 phase stability by 50 °C. Technological schemes and modes of thermohydrogen processing are developed and tested using the alloy specimens in order to form the two types of structure – submicrocrystalline and bimodal, and formation mechanisms of these structures under thermohydrogen processing are analyzed as well. Mechanical properties of the alloy specimens are determined. It is stated that thermohydrogen processing results in growth of strength and hardness as compared with the initial state. The thermohydrogen processing forming submicrocrystalline structure leads to decrease of plasticity characteristics at maximum hardness.Рассмотрены возможность и эффективность применения термоводородной обработки (ТВО) высокомодульного титанового сплава Ti–8,7Al–1,5Zr–2,0Mo с содержанием алюминия, превышающим предельную растворимость в α-титане. Получены экспериментальные данные о влиянии водорода на фазовый состав и структуру сплава. Проанализированы закономерности фазовых превращений в водородсодержащем сплаве при различных термических воздействиях. Построена фазовая диаграмма системы сплав–водород в интервале концентраций водорода от исходной до 1,0 мас.% и температур от 20 до 1100 °С. Показано, что при концентрации введенного водорода 0,6 % и более закалкой из β-области фиксируется однофазная β-структура. Насыщение водородом до 0,8–1,0 % приводит к реализации сдвигового гидридного β → δ-превращения при закалке с температур ниже 750 °С, а при медленном охлаждении – к частичному эвтектоидному превращению β-фазы. Установлено, что водород расширяет область стабильности β-фазы, снижая температуру β / α + β-перехода на 210 °С (при 1,0 % H), и повышает температуру устойчивости α2-фазы на 50 °С. Разработаны и опробованы на образцах сплава технологические схемы и режимы ТВО, формирующие два типа структур – субмикрокристаллическую и бимодальную. Проанализированы механизмы образования этих структур в процессе ТВО. Определены механические свойства образцов сплава. Установлено, что ТВО приводит к увеличению прочности и твердости по сравнению с исходным состоянием. Термоводородная обработка, формирующая микрокристаллическую структуру, обуславливает снижение характеристик пластичности при максимальной твердости

THE INFLUENCE OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS ON MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF VT35 ALLOY

The influence of alloying elements on room-temperature technological and mechanical properties of pseudo-β alloy VT35 is investigated. It is shown that the maximum compression ratio (εpr) is reached in this alloy with aluminum amount is limited to 3 %, basic β-stabilizers (V, Cr) and scandium contents are close to their average contents and other elements are limited to minimal level. It is shown that the maintenance of the correct alloying elements content helps to increase maximum compression ratio (εpr) of VT35 alloy in quenched state to 75–80 % with breaking strength at 800 MPa levels.В работе исследовано влияние содержания легирующих элементов в псевдоb‑сплаве ВТ35 на технологические и механические свойства при комнатной температуре. Установлено, что максимальная предельная степень сжатия при осадке (eпр) достигается при содержании алюминия не более 3 %, основных β-стабилизаторов (V, Cr) и олова в пределах среднего и остальных элементов по минимальному уровню паспортного состава. Показано, что обеспечение правильного количественного содержания элементов в сплаве ВТ35 позволяет повысить eпр до 75–80 % в закаленном состоянии при sв = 800 МПа.Работа выполнена с использованием оборудования ресурсного центра коллективного пользования «Авиационно-космические материалы и технологии» МАИ

Анализ сродства гемоглобина к кислороду и потребление кислорода тканями

The tissue and blood oxygenation estimation with taking into consideration the hemoglobin affinity for oxygen with new parameter pO2-effective use was studied. The calculation algorithm and its program realization for paeO2 and estimation of the dissociation oxyhemoglobin curve (ODC) were produced.28 patients were examined with the measurement of next parameters of arterial blood: pH, gas composition (paO2 and paCO2), and blood oxygenation (SO2, ctO2). The calculation of paeO2 value and the shift of ODC was carried out. The estimation of oxygen consumption (VO2) was carried out in 11 patients.The analysis of the obtained data allowed to conclude that paeO2 reflects changes of the hemoglobin affinity for oxygen in such a way, that when affinity is decreased then ODC shift is greater than zero and when the affinity is increased then ODC shift is less than zero. The parameter paeO2 allows to estimate more correctly the blood oxygenation than paO2 in mmHG terms. The correlation with the coefficient 0.8 was found between the value of the DOC shift and oxygen consumption. In the case of the negative ODC shift, the oxygen consumption is decreased, in the case of the positive ODC shift oxygen consumption is increased.Thus, on the basis of ODC, it is possible to estimate the blood and tissue oxygenation with taking into consideration the hemoglobin affinity for oxygen and, therefore, the respiration of organism in general.Исследована возможность оценки оксигенации крови и тканей с учетом сродства гемоглобина к кислороду с использованием нового параметра рО2 эффективное. Разработаны алгоритм расчета параметра рaeО2 и определения положения кривой диссоциации оксигемоглобина (КДО) и его программная реализация.Проведенное у 28 пациентов обследование включало измерение параметров артериальной крови: КЩС (pH), газового состава (рaО2, рСО2) и оксигенации крови (SO2, сtO2); расчет величины раеO2 и сдвига КДО. У 11 пациентов проведено определение значения потребления кислорода (VO2).Анализ полученных результатов позволил сделать следующие выводы: раеО2 отражает изменение сродства гемоглобина к кислороду, при снижении сродства сдвиг КДО>0, при увеличении сродства сдвиг КДО<0; раеО2 дает более точную оценку оксигенации крови, чем раО2 в терминах мм рт.ст.; между величиной сдвига КДО и значением потребления кислорода тканями существует линейная зависимость с коэффициентом корреляции 0,8; при отрицательном значении сдвига КДО потребление О2 а снижено, а при положительном — увеличено.Таким образом, на основе анализа КДО можно оценить оксигенацию крови и тканей с учетом сродства гемоглобина к кислороду, а, значит, и эффективность дыхания организма в целом

Resource flows and levels of spending for the response to HIV and AIDS in Belarus

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Belarus has a focused HIV epidemic concentrated among injecting drug users, female sex workers and men who have sex with men. However, until 2008, Belarus had no way of evaluating HIV spending priorities. In 2008, Belarus committed to undertaking a comprehensive National AIDS Spending Assessment (NASA) in order to analyze HIV spending priorities. NASA was used to 'follow the money' from the funding sources to agents and providers, and eventually to beneficiary populations.</p> <p>Findings</p> <p>Belarus spent the majority of its funding on prevention, diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted infections and on securing the blood supply. International donors and NGOs working within Belarus spent the majority of their funding on preventative activities for high risk groups while Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria (GFATM) solely funded antiretroviral treatment.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The data and experience obtained through conducting NASA will help build capacity for future resource tracking activities for HIV and other health priorities. This experience established the foundation for enhanced and future consistent quality-reporting of National Health Accounts. Monitoring the flow of resources for Belarus' HIV response provides valuable strategic information that can improve operations and planning as well as mobilize greater resources. NASA offers Belarusian policy makers an overview of HIV activities that merit their priority attention. In addition, the findings from Belarus are particularly relevant for the rest of the Commonwealth of Independent States due to their similar epidemiological profiles and centrally planned systems. The Belarusian government faces future challenges, especially in increasing public investments in HIV prevention for female sex workers and their clients, men who have sex with men, and among intravenous drug users.</p

Development of Small Business Subjects as Precondition for the New Lobs Creation: legal aspect

The article deals with the problem of creating jobs through development of small enterprises subjects; property copyright ways to solve this problem are offere