A collaborative approach to adopting/adapting guidelines - the Australian 24-hour Movement Guidelines for the early years (birth to 5 years): an integration of physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep

BACKGROUND: In 2017, the Australian Government funded the update of the National Physical Activity Recommendations for Children 0-5 years, with the intention that they be an integration of movement behaviours across the 24-h period. The benefit for Australia was that it could leverage research in Canada in the development of their 24-h guidelines for the early years. Concurrently, the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) working group published a model to produce guidelines based on adoption, adaption and/or de novo development using the GRADE evidence-to-decision framework. Referred to as the GRADE-ADOLOPMENT approach, it allows guideline developers to follow a structured and transparent process in a more efficient manner, potentially avoiding the need to unnecessarily repeat costly tasks such as conducting systematic reviews. The purpose of this paper is to outline the process and outcomes for adapting the Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for the Early Years to develop the Australian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for the Early Years guided by the GRADE-ADOLOPMENT framework. METHODS: The development process was guided by the GRADE-ADOLOPMENT approach. A Leadership Group and Consensus Panel were formed and existing credible guidelines identified. The draft Canadian 24-h integrated movement guidelines for the early years best met the criteria established by the Panel. These were evaluated based on the evidence in the GRADE tables, summaries of findings tables and draft recommendations from the Canadian Draft Guidelines. Updates to each of the Canadian systematic reviews were conducted and the Consensus Panel reviewed the evidence for each behaviour separately and made a decision to adopt or adapt the Canadian recommendations for each behaviour or create de novo recommendations. An online survey was then conducted (n = 302) along with five focus groups (n = 30) and five key informant interviews (n = 5) to obtain feedback from stakeholders on the draft guidelines. RESULTS: Based on the evidence from the Canadian systematic reviews and the updated systematic reviews in Australia, the Consensus Panel agreed to adopt the Canadian recommendations and, apart from some minor changes to the wording of good practice statements, keep the wording of the guidelines, preamble and title of the Canadian Guidelines. The Australian Guidelines provide evidence-informed recommendations for a healthy day (24-h), integrating physical activity, sedentary behaviour (including limits to screen time), and sleep for infants (<1 year), toddlers (1-2 years) and preschoolers (3-5 years). CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is only the second time the GRADE-ADOLOPMENT approach has been used. Following this approach, the judgments of the Australian Consensus Panel did not differ sufficiently to change the directions and strength of the recommendations and as such, the Canadian recommendations were adopted with very minor alterations. This allowed the Guidelines to be developed much faster and at lower cost. As such, we would recommend the GRADE-ADOLOPMENT approach, especially if a credible set of guidelines, with all supporting materials and developed using a transparent process, is available. Other countries may consider using this approach when developing and/or revising national movement guidelines

Heavy metal deposition mapping: concentrations and deposition of heavy metals in rural areas of the UK: SID4 interim report covering the period October 2011 – December 2011. Interim report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs by the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology

This interim report provides Defra with a copy of the rolling mean concentrations of heavy metals in PM10 and rainwater samples for Quarter 3 of 2011. This refers to samples collected during the period October 2010 to September 2011 (inclusive)

Heavy Metal Deposition Mapping: Concentrations and Deposition of Heavy Metals in Rural Areas of the UK: Annex to SID4 Interim Report Covering the Period January 2010 – July 2011

Executive Summary CEH has been monitoring the concentrations of a range of heavy metals in rural locations across the UK since 2004. The data are compiled to provide information of the background concentrations of these pollutants, and are used to demonstrate compliance with relevant air quality legislation. The measured concentrations are also used to calculate annual deposition of heavy metals and to produce UK maps of concentration and deposition. This report provides the concentration and deposition data for samples collected during 2010 and up to 30th June 2011 . The heavy metals (and metalloids) which are monitored are aluminium (Al), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), barium (Ba), beryllium (Be), cadmium (Cd), caesium (Cs); chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), lithium (Li), manganese (Mn), mercury (Hg), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), rubidium (Rb), scandium (Sc), selenium (Se), strontium (Sr), tin (Sn), titanium (Ti), tungsten (W), uranium (U), vanadium (V) and zinc (Zn). The background concentrations of metals in air and rainwater can show significant inter-year variations and since the scheme has only been operating since 2004, there are insufficient data to report on definitive trends. However, the 2010/11 concentrations are similar to those reported in previous years, and in general, concentrations at most sites have reduced over the period of the monitoring. The concentration data are integrated with rainfall and other meteorological data to determine the annual UK wet and dry deposition budget for each metal. The 2010 deposition values included in this report are based upon the ratified rainfall data for 2010 as supplied by The Met Office, and can be considered as final values. In addition to the normal annual reporting schedule of concentrations and depositions of heavy metals in the UK, the 2011 includes quarterly updated running annual means based upon the previous 12 months of sample collection. This gives 4 quarterly reported annual means covering the periods: • Quarter 1 – samples collected between April 2010 and March 2011 • Quarter 2 - samples collected between July 2010 and June 2011 • Quarter 3 - samples collected between October 2010 and September 2011 • Quarter 4 – samples collected between January 2011 and December 2011 Note that quarter 4 will correspond to the traditional annual reporting cycle, and will be the data used to calculate annual deposition. Total deposition will not be calculated for quarters 1-3, as the required rainfall data is based upon a calendar year. This is an interim report with the aim of providing the data required by Defra. Full interpretation of the data will be included in a forthcoming project report which will include a more in depth analysis of the spatial and temporal trends in the concentrations and depositions of heavy metals in rural areas of the UK

High-frequency precipitation and stream water quality time series from Plynlimon, Wales: an openly accessible data resource spanning the periodic table

This scientific briefing announces the availability of a new multi-element highfrequency water quality data set that is openly accessible to the research community. The data set comprises up to 2 years of 7-hourly water quality data for two streams and one rainfall site in the Upper Severn catchment at Plynlimon in Mid-Wales. The measurements cover 50 analytes ranging from H+ to U and spanning six orders of magnitude in concentration, including major, minor and trace elements as well as nutrients, and they complement decades of weekly measurements of the same analytes at the Upper Severn. Together, the weekly and 7-hourly time series provide a unique data set for studying both long-term trends and short-term dynamics. The data show complex behaviour over a wide range of timescales, challenging our understanding of catchment processes and informing future modelling efforts

Consistency and uncertainty of UK measurements of mercury in precipitation

A novel method to assess the uncertainty of measurement of mercury in precipitation for the UK’s Heavy Metals Monitoring Network is presented. The method makes use of the fact that, because of the high risk of sample contamination, samples are taken in duplicate in order to ensure valid data is available for as many sampling periods as possible. Where both samples are valid a good opportunity is afforded to use the statistical differences in the rain volumes sampled and the mercury concentrations measured to assess the overall uncertainty of the measurement. This process has produced estimated uncertainties in good agreement with previous studies and well within the limits specified by European legislation. The work also highlighted an effective method to spot outliers in the paired samples at the data ratification stage

UKEAP (UK Eutrophying and Acidifying Atmospheric Pollutants) 2019 dataset: Acid Gas and Aerosol Network (AGANet)

There are over 1500 sites across the UK that monitor air quality. They are organised into networks that gather a particular kind of information, using a particular method. There are two major types - automatic and non-automatic networks. The Monitoring Networks section provides further network information. Download data from the networks using the Data Selector Tool or download raw automatic data using the preformatted files link

UKEAP (UK Eutrophying and Acidifying Atmospheric Pollutants) 2019 dataset: National Ammonia Monitoring Network (NAMN)

There are over 1500 sites across the UK that monitor air quality. They are organised into networks that gather a particular kind of information, using a particular method. There are two major types - automatic and non-automatic networks. The Monitoring Networks section provides further network information. Download data from the networks using the Data Selector Tool or download raw automatic data using the preformatted files link

Heavy metal deposition mapping: concentrations and deposition of heavy metals in rural areas of the UK

CEH has been monitoring the concentrations of a range of heavy metals in rural locations across the UK since 2004. This report presents the annual average concentrations and deposition of heavy metals in air and rainfall samples collected from rural locations during 2011 and it reviews the temporal and spatial trends in heavy metal concentrations and deposition between 2004 and 2011. The monitoring network was established to measure the background concentration of a range of heavy metals in samples of airborne particulate matter (the PM10 fraction), rainwater and cloudwater which have been collected at rural locations which are not unduly influenced by local sources of emissions. The data are compiled to provide information of the background concentrations of these pollutants, and are used to demonstrate compliance with relevant air quality legislation. The measured concentrations are also used to calculate annual deposition of heavy metals and to produce UK maps of concentration and deposition. The heavy metals (and metalloids) which are monitored are aluminium (Al), arsenic (As),antimony (Sb), barium (Ba), beryllium (Be), cadmium (Cd), caesium (Cs); chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), lithium (Li), manganese (Mn), mercury (Hg), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), rubidium (Rb), scandium (Sc), selenium (Se),strontium (Sr),tin (Sn), titanium (Ti), tungsten (W), uranium (U), vanadium (V) and zinc (Zn). The concentrations of all metals measured in airborne particulate matter, rainfall and cloudwater are low, as would be expected in samples collected from rural areas. The concentrations are 1.5 to 8.5 times lower than the national average as reported in the Urban and Industrial Heavy Metals Monitoring network (see Table 5 for comparison). Although the reported emissions of heavy metals in the UK have declined considerably from their industrial peak in the 1970s,and more recently during the 1990s, the inter-year variability in measured concentrations do not allow any corresponding temporal trends in measured concentrations to be established. For the majority of metals analysed, there are also large discrepancies between the reported UK emissions and the amount of metal deposited in the UK. This discrepancy needs further investigation, including improvements being made to the way that metal emission are produced, and the quantification of the amount of re-suspended material that is being picked up by the monitoring networks