Una historia del magisterio en Zacatecas a finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX

In Zacatecas, as in the rest of the country, at the end of the 19th century and the first years of the 20th, the government had an unwavering faith in education, in order to modernize its society and move towards progress, a condition that was considered essential to locate to the country in the concert of the prominent nations and which, moreover, was a longing from the early years of independent Mexico, which due to the marked political and economic ups and downs had not been able to materialize. In this sense, with the triumph of the Republic in 1867 and more specifically with the Porfirian regime, an educational project was articulated that included several guidelines, with the training of teachers coping with the pronounced illiteracy that existed. In this scenario, Zacatecas joined the federal call to form the magisterial cadres in the entity, a call that had some success, but that found obstacles in the face of a devastating economic reality and an incipient social awareness of education. All of these elements affected a precarious educational development in the state and uncertain or unfavorable conditions for the teaching community. The present work is an analysis of the labor reality that these Zacatecan teachers had at the end of the 19th century and the first years of the 20th. The investigation contemplates to retake the educational legislation of the time in the entity, as well as different primary sources that inform us about the daily educational practice that characterized them.En Zacatecas como en el resto del país, a finales del siglo XIX y primeros años del XX, el gobierno tuvo una fe inquebrantable en la educación, en aras de modernizar a su sociedad y transitar al progreso, condición que se consideró como indispensable para ubicar al país en el concierto de las naciones prominentes y que además, era un anhelo desde los primeros años del México independiente, el cual por los acentuados vaivenes políticos y económicos no se había podido materializar. En este sentido, con el triunfo de la República en 1867 y más específicamente con el régimen porfirista, se articuló un proyecto educativo que incluyó varios lineamientos, siendo medular en éste la formación de profesores y profesoras que hicieran frente al pronunciado analfabetismo que existía. En este escenario, Zacatecas se sumó a la convocatoria federal para formar los cuadros magisteriales en la entidad, llamado que tuvo cierto éxito, pero que encontró escollos frente a una realidad económica desoladora y a una incipiente concientización social por la instrucción. Todos estos elementos incidieron en un precario desarrollo educativo en el estado y condiciones inciertas o poco favorables para el colectivo magisterial. El presente trabajo es un análisis sobre la realidad laboral que tuvieron estos maestros y maestras zacatecanas a finales del siglo XIX y primeros años del XX. La investigación contempla retomar la legislación educativa de la época en la entidad, así como distintas fuentes primarias que nos informan sobre la práctica educativa cotidiana que les caracterizó

Salmonellosis and Campylobacteriosis, Emerging Zoonosis in the World and Current Situation in Mexico

Salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis are the furthermost common zoonotic infections around the world that are transferred. The spread of Salmonella enterica serotypes Enteritidis (SE) and Typhimurium (ST) has increased dramatically in the last 50 years due to the consumption of food contaminated and the emergence of SE and ST infections with multiple antibiotic resistance. Retrospective investigations imply an epidemiological link between people and poultry. It has been argued that farm modernization and global exports of progenitor birds have had a vital role in spreading SE and ST. On the other hand, campylobacteriosis is more common than salmonellosis in affluent countries. Campylobacter jejuni has been identified as the primary cause of acute diarrheal illnesses, frequently associated with animal-derived foods, particularly poultry meat. The current review examines immunological and molecular biological techniques that allow for the quick detection of asymptomatic animal carriers, as well as recent characterizations of relevant taxonomic and pathogenic characteristics of these organisms. We further urge epidemiological research to evaluate the incidence of human diseases arising from poultry eating, based on preliminary non-publisher findings implying a prevalence of salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis in Mexican poultry farms comparable to other nations

Estrés: un problema grave de salud

El estrés lo podemos definir como un proceso que inicia por la exposición a factores ambientales. Es normal que el cuerpo humano este sometido a estrés cotidianamente, pero cuando este rebasa lo normal se producen cambios bioquímicos, físicos, mentales y emocionales en cada individuo. El concepto registrado se tiene desde 1985 de Helmut Sies en base a las ideas de Rebeca Gerschman se concibió como un desequilibrio entre oxidantes y antioxidantes por presencia de radicales libres. El estrés daña las macromoléculas y esto puede ocasionar una degradación intracelular, ocasionando con ello una falla en todos los órganos primarios y propiciando el desencadenamiento de enfermedades crónico degenerativas. Métodos: el presente es un trabajo de revisión bibliográfica. Resultados: Este trabajo permitió evidenciar como el estrés cotidiano, puede ser un problema grave de salud ya que puede desencadenar enfermedades como hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus, cáncer, enfermedades hepáticas y cardiacas. Conclusión: El estrés es un problema muy grave al cual se debe de poner atención, ya que puede desequilibrar los procesos bioquímicos normales a los cuales el cuerpo humano está acostumbrado. No vale la pena preocuparse por circunstancias que nos causen estrés, ya que a futuro podrían convertirse en problemas de salud

Cytogenetic profiles in multiple myeloma and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance: a study in highly purified aberrant plasma cells

This is an open-access paper.Cytogenetic studies in clonal plasma cell disorders have mainly been done in whole bone marrow or CD138+ microbead-enriched plasma cells and suggest that recurrent immunoglobulin heavy chain translocations - e.g. t(4;14) - are primary oncogenetic events. The aim of this study was to determine cytogenetic patterns of highly purified aberrant plasma cells (median purity ≥98%) in different clonal plasma cell disorders. We analyzed aberrant plasma cells from 208 patients with multiple myeloma (n=148) and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (n=60) for the presence of del(13q14), del(17p13) and t(14q32) using multicolor interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization. Additionally, immunoglobulin heavy chain gene arrangements were analyzed and complementarity determining region 3 was sequenced in a subset of patients and combined multicolor interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization/immunofluorescent protein staining analyses were performed in selected cases to confirm clonality and cytogenetic findings. At diagnosis, 96% of cases with multiple myeloma versus 77% of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance cases showed at least one cytogenetic alteration and/or hyperdiploidy. The cytogenetic heterogeneity of individual cases reflected coexistence of cytogenetically-defined aberrant plasma cell clones, and led to the assumption that karyotypic alterations were acquired stepwise. Cases of multiple myeloma and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance frequently showed different but related cytogenetic profiles when other cytogenetic alterations such as deletions/gains of the immunoglobulin heavy chain or the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 were additionally considered. Interestingly, in 24% of multiple myeloma versus 62% of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance patients with an immunoglobulin heavy chain translocation, aberrant plasma cells with and without t(14q32) coexisted in the same patient. Our data suggest that recurrent immunoglobulin heavy chain translocations might be absent in the primordial plasma cell clone in a significant proportion of patients with clonal plasma cell disorders carrying these cytogenetic alterations.This work was partially supported by grants from the Fundacion Memoria de Don Samuel Solorzano Barruso, Salamanca, Spain (FS/4-2010). The authors would also like to thank the Dr. Werner Jackstädt Foundation (Wuppertal, Germany) for grant supporting the work of Martin Schmidt-Hieber. The authors would like to thank the Cooperative Research Thematic Network (RTICs; RTICC RD06/0020/0035, RD06/0020/0006 and G03/136), MM Jevitt, SL firm, Instituto de Salud Carlos III/Subdirección General de Investigación Sanitaria (FIS: PI060339; 02/0905; 01/0089/01-02; PS09/01897) and Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León; Ayuda de Excelencia de Castilla y León, Consejeria de Educación (EDU/894/2009, GR37), and Consejería de Sanidad (557/A/10), Junta de Castilla y León, Valladolid, Spain for supporting this study. JMS is supported by a grant (CP05/00321) from the ISCIII, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion, Madrid, Spain.Peer Reviewe

Restoration of microRNA-214 expression reduces growth of myeloma cells through positive regulation of P53 and inhibition of DNA replication

This is an open-access paper.-- et al.MicroRNA have been demonstrated to be deregulated in multiple myeloma. We have previously reported that miR-214 is down-regulated in multiple myeloma compared to in normal plasma cells. The functional role of miR- 214 in myeloma pathogenesis was explored by transfecting myeloma cell lines with synthetic microRNA followed by gene expression profiling. Putative miR-214 targets were validated by luciferase reporter assay. Ectopic expression of miR-214 reduced cell growth and induced apoptosis of myeloma cells. In order to identify the potential direct target genes of miR-214 which could be involved in the biological pathways regulated by this microRNA, gene expression profiling of the H929 myeloma cell line transfected with precursor miR-214 was carried out. Functional analysis revealed significant enrichment for DNA replication, cell cycle phase and DNA binding. miR- 214 directly down-regulated the expression of PSMD10, which encodes the oncoprotein gankyrin, and ASF1B, a histone chaperone required for DNA replication, by binding to their 3'-untranslated regions. In addition, gankyrin inhibition induced an increase of P53mRNA levels and subsequent up-regulation of CDKN1A (p21Waf1/Cip1) and BAX transcripts, which are direct transcriptional targets of p53. In conclusion, MiR-214 functions as a tumor suppressor in myeloma by positive regulation of p53 and inhibition of DNA replication.This work was partially supported by the Spanish FIS (PI080568 and PS0901897), the >Gerencia Regional de Salud, Junta de Castilla y León> (GRS202/A08 and GRS 702/A/11), and the Spanish Myeloma Network Program (RD06/0020/0006). MES is supported by the Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo (CA08/00212).Peer Reviewe

High-resolution copy number analysis of paired normal-tumor samples from diffuse large B cell lymphoma

Copy number analysis can be useful for assessing prognosis in diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). We analyzed copy number data from tumor samples of 60 patients diagnosed with DLBCL de novo and their matched normal samples. We detected 63 recurrent copy number alterations (CNAs), including 33 gains, 30 losses, and nine recurrent acquired copy number neutral loss of heterozygosity (CNN-LOH). Interestingly, 20 % of cases acquired CNN-LOH of 6p21 locus, which involves the HLA region. In normal cells, there were no CNAs but we observed CNN-LOH involving some key lymphoma regions such as 6p21 and 9p24.1 (5 %) and 17p13.1 (2.5 %) in DLBCL patients. Furthermore, a model with some specific CNA was able to predict the subtype of DLBCL, 1p36.32 and 10q23.31 losses being restricted to germinal center B cell-like (GCB) DLBCL. In contrast, 8p23.3 losses and 11q24.3 gains were strongly associated with the non-GCB subtype. A poor prognosis was associated with biallelic inactivation of TP53 or 18p11.32 losses, while prognosis was better in cases carrying 11q24.3 gains. In summary, CNA abnormalities identify specific DLBCL groups, and we describe CNN-LOH in germline cells from DLBCL patients that are associated with genes that probably play a key role in DLBCL development.This work was supported by research funding from the Health Council of Castilla y León (GRS265/A/08), the Health Research Program (PS09/01382), and the Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Cáncer (RTICC) grant RD12/0036 (groups 0069, 0029, 0036, 0058, and 0060) included in the National Plan I+D+I supported by the Instituto Carlos III and the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) 'Una manera de hacer Europa' (Innocampus; CEI-2010-1-0010). ES was supported by CM10/00078-Río Hortega, an ISCIII contract, FEHH grant 2013–2014 and JR14/00025-Juan Rodés, an ISCIII contract. IS was supported by the Subprograma Juan de la Cierva (JCI-2011-10232) and a Miguel Servet contract (CP13/00159).Peer Reviewe

A multiparameter flow cytometry immunophenotypic algorithm for the identification of newly diagnosed symptomatic myeloma with an MGUS-like signature and long-term disease control

GEM (Grupo Español de MM)/PETHEMA (Programa para el Estudio de la Terapéutica en Hemopatías Malignas) cooperative study group: et al.Achieving complete remission (CR) in multiple myeloma (MM) translates into extended survival, but two subgroups of patients fall outside this paradigm: cases with unsustained CR, and patients that do not achieve CR but return into a monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS)-like status with long-term survival. Here, we describe a novel automated flow cytometric classification focused on the analysis of the plasma-cell compartment to identify among newly diagnosed symptomatic MM patients (N=698) cases with a baseline MGUS-like profile, by comparing them to MGUS (N=497) patients and validating the classification model in 114 smoldering MM patients. Overall, 59 symptomatic MM patients (8%) showed an MGUS-like profile. Despite achieving similar CR rates after high-dose therapy/autologous stem cell transplantation vs other MM patients, MGUS-like cases had unprecedented longer time-to-progression (TTP) and overall survival (OS; ∼60% at 10 years; P<0.001). Importantly, MGUS-like MM patients failing to achieve CR showed similar TTP (P=0.81) and OS (P=0.24) vs cases attaining CR. This automated classification also identified MGUS patients with shorter TTP (P=0.001, hazard ratio: 5.53) and ultra-high-risk smoldering MM (median TTP, 15 months). In summary, we have developed a biomarker that identifies a subset of symptomatic MM patients with an occult MGUS-like signature and an excellent outcome, independently of the depth of response.Peer Reviewe

Transcriptome analysis reveals molecular profiles associated with evolving steps of monoclonal gammopathies

This is an open-access paper.-- et al.A multistep model has been proposed of disease progression starting in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance continuing through multiple myeloma, sometimes with an intermediate entity called smoldering myeloma, and ending in extramedullary disease. To gain further insights into the role of the transcriptome deregulation in the transition from a normal plasma cell to a clonal plasma cell, and from an indolent clonal plasma cell to a malignant plasma cell, we performed gene expression profiling in 20 patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, 33 with high-risk smoldering myeloma and 41 with multiple myeloma. The analysis showed that 126 genes were differentially expressed in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, smoldering myeloma and multiple myeloma as compared to normal plasma cell. Interestingly, 17 and 9 out of the 126 significant differentially expressed genes were small nucleolar RNA molecules and zinc finger proteins. Several proapoptotic genes (AKT1 and AKT2) were down-regulated and antiapoptotic genes (APAF1 and BCL2L1) were up-regulated in multiple myeloma, both symptomatic and asymptomatic, compared to monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. When we looked for those genes progressively modulated through the evolving stages of monoclonal gammopathies, eight snoRNA showed a progressive increase while APAF1, VCAN and MEGF9 exhibited a progressive downregulation. In conclusion, our data show that although monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, smoldering myeloma and multiple myeloma are not clearly distinguishable groups according to their gene expression profiling, several signaling pathways and genes were significantly deregulated at different steps of the transformation process.This study was partially supported by Spanish FIS (PI080568, PS09/01450 and PS0901897), “Gerencia Regional de Salud, Junta de Castilla y León” (GRS 702/A/11) grant, and the Spanish Myeloma Network Program (RD06/0020/0006, RD12/0036/0058 and RD12/0036/0046).Peer Reviewe

The prognostic value of multiparameter flow cytometry minimal residual disease assessment in relapsed multiple myeloma

Letter to the editor.-- et al.This study was supported by the Cooperative Research Thematic Network grants RD12/0036/0058 of the Red de Cancer (Cancer Network of Excellence); Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain, Instituto de Salud Carlos III/Subdirección General de Investigación Sanitaria (FIS: PI060339; 06/1354; 02/0905; 01/0089/01-02; PS09/01897/01370; G03/136; Sara Borrell: CD13/00340); and Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer (GCB120981SAN), Spain. The study was also supported internationally by the International Myeloma Foundation Junior Grant Proposal and the Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation research fellow award.Peer Reviewe

Phenotypic, genomic and functional characterization reveals no differences between CD138++ and CD138low subpopulations in multiple myeloma cell lines

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.Despite recent advances in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM), it remains an incurable disease potentially due to the presence of resistant myeloma cancer stem cells (MM-CSC). Although the presence of clonogenic cells in MM was described three decades ago, the phenotype of MM-CSC is still controversial, especially with respect to the expression of syndecan-1 (CD138). Here, we demonstrate the presence of two subpopulations - CD138++ (95-99%) and CD138low (1-5%) - in eight MM cell lines. To find out possible stem-cell-like features, we have phenotypically, genomic and functionally characterized the two subpopulations. Our results show that the minor CD138low subpopulation is morphologically identical to the CD138++ fraction and does not represent a more immature B-cell compartment (with lack of CD19, CD20 and CD27 expression). Moreover, both subpopulations have similar gene expression and genomic profiles. Importantly, both CD138++ and CD138low subpopulations have similar sensitivity to bortezomib, melphalan and doxorubicin. Finally, serial engraftment in CB17-SCID mice shows that CD138++ as well as CD138low cells have self-renewal potential and they are phenotypically interconvertible. Overall, our results differ from previously published data in MM cell lines which attribute a B-cell phenotype to MM-CSC. Future characterization of clonal plasma cell subpopulations in MM patients' samples will guarantee the discovery of more reliable markers able to discriminate true clonogenic myeloma cells.This work was supported by the Cooperative Research Thematic Network (RTICs; RD06/0020/0006), the “Junta de Castilla y León. Consejería de Sanidad” (GRS 391/B/09), the “Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación” (PS09/01897), the “Fundación Memoria D. Samuel Solórzano Barruso” (FS/2-2010) and Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer (AECC)(GCB120981SAN).Peer Reviewe