Propedêutica urológica

Os autores apresentam suscintamente os principais métodos de propedêutica urológica, abordados em 4 tópicos: métodos radiológicos, métodos endoscópicos, métodos radioisotópicos e métodos manométricos. São abordados os princípios sobre os quais se apoiam estes exames, o modo de realização, indicações sobre a utilização dos métodos e alguns exemplos clínicos

The Role of Immunohistochemical Analysis as a Tool for the Diagnosis, Prognostic Evaluation and Treatment of Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) is a heterogeneous disease that lends itself toward numerous therapeutic options depending on its risk stratification. One of the greatest challenges in PCa urologic practice is to select patients who should be referred for biopsy and, for those patients who are diagnosed with cancer, to differentiate between patients with indolent disease from those with an unfavorable prognosis and, to determine ideal patient management and avoid unnecessary interventions. Accordingly, there is a growing body of literature reporting immunohistochemical studies with the objective of determining a prostate cancer prognosis. Among the most frequent biomarkers studied are Ki-67, p53, PTEN, MYC, and ERG. Based on these findings, we systematically reviewed articles that assessed the role of these main prognostic markers in prostate cancer.Methods: Consistent with PRISMA guidelines, we performed a systematic literature search throughout the Web of Science and PubMed Medline databases. We considered all types of studies evaluating the role of Ki-67, p53, PTEN, MYC, and ERG immunohistochemical analysis in prostate cancer until July 2017.Results: We identified 361 articles, 44 of which were summarized in this review. Diagnostically, no single immunohistochemical marker was able to define a tumor as benign or malignant. Prognostically, Ki-67, p53, and MYC were related to the tumor grade given by Gleason score and to the tumor stage (higher levels related to higher tumor grade). Furthermore, Ki-67 was also related to higher PSA levels, shorter disease-free intervals and shorter tumor-specific survival; the latter was also related to p53. The loss of PTEN protein expression showed a higher association with biochemical recurrence and with a worse prognosis, beyond that predicted by the Gleason score and tumor stage. ERG staining also showed a strong association with biochemical recurrence.Conclusion: There are several studies relating immunohistochemical markers with clinical-laboratorial outcomes in prostate cancer, the most frequent being Ki-67, p53, ERG, PTEN, and MYC. However, none of these markers have been validated by literary consensus to be routinely applied in medical practice

Risk factors for treatment of staghorn stones by percutaneous nephrolithotomy

No tratamento do cálculo coraliforme por nefrolititomia percutânea, há cirurgias com poucas dificuldades e pacientes que evoluem sem complicações, como há casos muito difíceis, com pós-operatório extremamente complicado. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar os fatores de risco pré, intra e pós-operatórios, relacionados com complicações e insucessos da nefrolitotomia percutânea no tratamento do cálculo coraliforme. Foram estudados 57 pacientes portadores de 72 cálculos coraliformes. Houve correlação estatisticamente significante entre complicação e os seguintes fatores: infecção do trato urinário no pré-operatório e número de punções renais. Em relação a insucesso os fatores de risco foram: infecção do trato urinário no pré-operatório e via excretora sem dilataçãoDuring a percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) procedure there are cases with no difficulties and no complications. In the other hand, there are cases very hard to treat with a higher surgical risk and post-operative complications.The goal of this study is to analyze the pre, intra and postoperative risk factors related to surgical complications and nonsuccess rates of PNL as treatment for staghorn stone. Fifty-seven patients with seventy-two staghorn calculi were studied. There have been significant statistical correlation between complications and: postoperative urinary tract infections and the number of renal access required. When considering nonsuccess rate, there was association with the following risk factors: postoperative urinary tract infections and absence of dilatation of collecting syste

Risk factors for treatment of staghorn stones by percutaneous nephrolithotomy

No tratamento do cálculo coraliforme por nefrolititomia percutânea, há cirurgias com poucas dificuldades e pacientes que evoluem sem complicações, como há casos muito difíceis, com pós-operatório extremamente complicado. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar os fatores de risco pré, intra e pós-operatórios, relacionados com complicações e insucessos da nefrolitotomia percutânea no tratamento do cálculo coraliforme. Foram estudados 57 pacientes portadores de 72 cálculos coraliformes. Houve correlação estatisticamente significante entre complicação e os seguintes fatores: infecção do trato urinário no pré-operatório e número de punções renais. Em relação a insucesso os fatores de risco foram: infecção do trato urinário no pré-operatório e via excretora sem dilataçãoDuring a percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) procedure there are cases with no difficulties and no complications. In the other hand, there are cases very hard to treat with a higher surgical risk and post-operative complications.The goal of this study is to analyze the pre, intra and postoperative risk factors related to surgical complications and nonsuccess rates of PNL as treatment for staghorn stone. Fifty-seven patients with seventy-two staghorn calculi were studied. There have been significant statistical correlation between complications and: postoperative urinary tract infections and the number of renal access required. When considering nonsuccess rate, there was association with the following risk factors: postoperative urinary tract infections and absence of dilatation of collecting syste

Prostate cancer detection using multiparametric 3 – tesla MRI and fusion biopsy: preliminary results

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of transrectal ultrasonography (US) biopsy with imaging fusion using multiparametric (mp) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with suspicion of prostate cancer (PCa), with an emphasis on clinically significant tumors according to histological criteria. Materials and Methods: A total of 189 consecutive US/MRI fusion biopsies were performed obtaining systematic and guided samples of suspicious areas on mpMRI using a 3 Tesla magnet without endorectal coil. Clinical significance for prostate cancer was established based on Epstein criteria. Results: In our casuistic, the average Gleason score was 7 and the average PSA was 5.0ng/mL. Of the 189 patients that received US/MRI biopsies, 110 (58.2%) were positive for PCa. Of those cases, 88 (80%) were clinically significant, accounting for 46.6% of all patients. We divided the MRI findings into 5 Likert scales of probability of having clinically significant PCa. The positivity of US/MRI biopsy for clinically significant PCa was 0%, 17.6% 23.5%, 53.4% and 84.4% for Likert scores 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in terms of biopsy results between different levels of suspicion on mpMRI and also when biopsy results were divided into groups of clinically non-significant versus clinically significant between different levels of suspicion on mpMRI (p-value <0.05 in both analyzes). Conclusion: We found that there is a significant difference in cancer detection using US/MRI fusion biopsy between low-probability and intermediate/high probability Likert scores using mpMRI