Reabilitação energética de um edifício de serviços: convergência para NZEB

Dissertação de Natureza Científica para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil na Área de Especialização de EdificaçõesAs mais recentes preocupações mundiais têm-se focado sobre a forma insustentável como a população utiliza os diversos recursos energéticos existentes. Os edifícios são responsáveis por grande parte do consumo da energia mundial, facto facilmente percetível visto que atualmente grande parte do tempo é despendido dentro destes. Muitos esforços têm vindo a ser desenvolvidos como forma de proporcionar que os consumos de energia realizados pela normal utilização dos edifícios venham a ser reduzidos. Neste sentido, o conceito NZEB, surge como o mais recente esforço desenvolvido pela União Europeia, para que o consumo nos edifícios possa vir a diminuir. Este conceito surge numa época relevante, visto que grande parte do património edificado na Europa, e especialmente em Portugal, necessita de ser intervencionado. Estas intervenções, apresentam-se como uma importante ferramenta, visto que será expectável que através delas, o consumo de energia nos edifícios venha a ser diminuído. Numa primeira fase, serão nesta dissertação abordadas temáticas afetas ao consumo de energia no Mundo e na Europa. Para além disso, efetua-se uma exposição de conteúdos ligados aos diversos documentos legislativos que regulam a área da eficiência energética nos edifícios, bem como será efetuada uma especificação muito pormenorizada do conceito NZEB. Seguidamente, proceder-se-á a uma exposição de conteúdos afetos a diversas técnicas construtivas, a diferentes tipos de materiais inovadores e a um conjunto de estratégias passivas, que poderão no contexto de uma reabilitação de um edifício proporcionar uma melhoria do seu desempenho energético. Para que se pudesse aprofundar a aplicabilidade deste conceito NZEB em Portugal, procedeu-se à realização de um estudo a um edifício de serviços em Coimbra. Para a realização deste estudo, elaborou-se, numa primeira fase, uma avaliação muito técnica e pormenorizada a um conjunto de elementos existentes, que possibilitaram a caraterização energética do edifício e a construção de um modelo de simulação do mesmo. Com um conjunto de simulações de sensibilidade, foram definidas um conjunto de propostas de melhoria com vista a estimar a possibilidade de este edifício atingir uma convergência ao conceito NZEB. Com a implementação das medidas de melhoria propostas e simuladas, conseguiu-se atingir uma redução do consumo anual do edifício em cerca de 41%, em relação ao consumo anual de 2013. A contribuição das energias renováveis na redução estimada é cerca de 19%. Desta forma, com a implementação das medidas de melhoria propostas, o edifício passará a apresentar um consumo médio anual de cerca 46 kWh/m2.ano. Este valor representa um passo importante na convergência do edifício para NZEB, e vai ao encontro dos valores que outros países já estabeleceram como referencia para este tipo de edifícios.Abstract: The most recent global concerns revolve about the unsustainable way as the population uses the various existing energy resources. Buildings are responsible for much of the world's energy consumption, a fact easily noticeable since currently most of the time is spent inside them. Many efforts have been developed in order to define how to reduce the energy consumption necessary to guaranteethe normal use of a building. In this sense, the concept NZEB, comes as the latest effort from the European Union, so that consumption in buildings is likely to decrease. This concept comes at a relevant time, since much of the real estate in Europe, and especially in Portugal, are in urgent need to be rehabilitated. The real estate rehabilitation may play an important role in the reduction of energyconsumption. In the first part of this dissertation the overview of energy consumption in the world and in Europe will be addressed. In addition, several legislative documents related to energy efficiency in buildingswill be presented and a more precise specification of the NZEB concept will be developed. Additionally several construction techniques, new innovative materials of different types and a set of passive strategies, will be presented. These techniques, new materials and passive strategies provide an improvement of energy performance in the context of the rehabilitation of a building. In order to really understand the applicability of the NZEB concept in Portugal, the thorough study of a service building located in Coimbra was developed. Therefore and on a first step a very technical and detailed energy characterization of the building was developed, followed by the elaboration of a simulation model, based on an existing and adequate software program. Based on simulation a set of proposals for energy performance improvement were studied. The main objective is to evaluate the possibility of this building to achieve a NZEB performance. With the implementation of the simulated and proposed improvement measures, it was possible to achieve a reduction of 41% of the annual energy consumption of the building when compared to the annual consumption in the year 2013.The contribution of renewable energy in the estimated energy reduction is around 19%. Therefore with the implementation of the proposed improvement measures, the average energy annual consumption will be around 46 kWh/m2.year. This value is consistent with the values that other countries have set as a reference for such buildings

Metronidazole release using natural rubber latex as matrix

Natural Rubber Latex (NRL) can be used successfully in controlled release drug delivery due to their excellent\ud matrix forming properties. Recently, NRL has shown to stimulate angiogenesis, cellular adhesion and the formation\ud of extracellular matrix, promoting the replacement and regeneration of tissue. A dermatological delivery system\ud comprising a topically acceptable, inert support impregnated with a metronidazole (MET) solution was developed.\ud MET 2-(2- methyl- 5-nitro- 1H- imidazol- 1-yl) ethanol, has been widely used for the treatment of protozoa and\ud anaerobic bacterial infections. MET is a nitroimidazole anti-infective medication used mainly in the treatment of\ud infections caused by susceptible organisms, particularly anaerobic bacteria and protozoa. In a previous study, we\ud have tested NRL as an occlusive membrane for GBR with promising results. One possible way to decrease the\ud inflammatory process, it was incorporated the MET in NRL. MET was incorporated into the NRL, by mixing it in\ud solution for in vitro protein delivery experiments. The solutions of latex and MET were polymerized at different\ud temperatures, from –100 to 40 °C, in order to control the membrane morphology. SEM microscopy analysis\ud showed that the number, size and distribution of pores in NRL membranes varied depending on polymerization\ud temperature, as well as its overall morphology. Results demonstrated that the best drug-delivery system was the\ud membrane polymerized at –100 °C, which does release 77,1% of its MET content for up 310 hours.FAPESPCNPq/IMMPCAPE

Qualitative histologic evaluation of the tissue reaction to the polyurethane resin (ricinus communis - based biopolymer) implantation assessed by light and scanning electron microscopy

The tissue reaction of bone tissue accessed by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images after polyurethane resin implantation is presented in this study. Twenty four male rabbits were used, divided into two groups of 12 animals each (experimental group and control group) in which full-thickness cranial defect was surgically created. At 30 and 90 days post operation 6 animals of each group were euthanized and bone samples were removed for analysis. The microscopic results indicated no inflammatory foreign body reaction, a perfect union between the polymer and surgical bone bed surface, lack of bone resorption and presence of a thin layer of osteogenic material covering the polymer surface in contact with the surgical bone bed. The SEM images demonstrate the porosity of the resin, with diameters from 120 to 500 µm. This important feature of this polymer is associated with its osteoconductivity, allowing the bone growth inside it, improving the integration between the material and bone tissue. These results confirm that polyurethane resin derived from Ricinuscommunis is an excellent bone substitute for use in repair surgery for great bone losses