Agrarinis lobizmas Europos Sąjungoje ir Lietuvoje

Lobbying activities of Lithuanian agricultural interest groups in European and Lithuanian institutions are described in this paper. Lobbying activities of Lithuanian agricultural interest groups have elements of pluralism and corporatism, but elements of corporatism are more numerous. Also, this paper touches upon lobbying activities in the European Commision, the European Parliament and the European Council. Leaders of Lithuanian agricultural interest groups and Lithuanian statesmen were interviewed about interests, lobbyism method effectiveness, access points of Lithuanian agricultural groups and of competitive interest groups. A comparative analysis of the answers of the Lithuanian agricultural group leaders and the Lithuanian statesmen was made. The paper presents conclusions of the above analysis. Lithuanian state officials and politicians which took part in the research interviews stated that the most influential Common Agriculture Policy formers are officials of EuropeanCommision and officials of national agricultural ministries. The most influential shapers of Lithuanian farmers` position are top officials in the Chamber of Agriculture of the Republic of Lithuania and leaders of national farmers’ organisations. They plan and execute lobbying activities in Lithuania and Brussels. Lithuanian farmers` lobbying activities in European Union institutions is weak, but Lithuanian farmers are able to form their position and to defend it. Lithuanian agricultural organisations, except Lithuanian Forest Owners Association, are not registered in European Union Transparency Register. Lithuanian agricultural organisations do not hire professional lobbyists in most cases. The basic methods of Lithuanian farmers` lobbying activities are expert information and campaigns of public opinion forming. In most cases Lithuanian farmers` leaders appeal to Lithuanian government institutions. To European Union institutions Lithuanian farmers appeal through mediators. Those mediators are Lithuanian state officials or European agricultural organisations. Lithuanian farmers rarely appeal to European Union institutions directly. In cases of direct address of EU institutionsLithuanian farmers ask for assistance of the European Parliament members from the Baltic States. Lithuanian farmers lack lobbying abilities. Only 10 percent of Lithuanian farmers participate in activities of agricultural organisations. Lithuanian farmers` lobbying methods sometimes are not suitable, for example, Lithuanian farmers insufficiently value influence of press campaigns to European Union institutions decisions. Also Lithuanian farmers hold a faulty opinion that Lithuanian state officials have more influence in Common Agriculture Policy forming than European Union institutions do. Lithuanian farmers did not achieve their main goal - to equalize direct payments to those of Western European countries. Lithuanian farmers` competitors are agricultural organisations from another European countries, and those organisations are more successful in lobbying activities, mostly because they have long lobbying traditions in their own countries. Lithuanian agricultural organisations could form lobbying coalitions with agricultural organisations from another European states, which have the same interests. If Lithuanian farmers use organic farming, they will have support of environment protection organisations and politicians. It will be difficult for Lithuanian farmers to defend their position in European Union institutions without those allies, because Lithuanian agricultural organisations are not widely known in the key institutions. Also Lithuanian agricultural organisations unite a small number of members and small resources.Straipsnyje nagrinėjama Lietuvos žemdirbių organizacijų lobistinė veikla Lietuvos ir Europos Sąjungos (ES) institucijose. Nustatyta, kad Lietuvos žemdirbių lobistinė veikla turi pliuralizmo ir korporatyvizmo bruožų. Taip pat aprašyta lobistinė veikla Europos Komisijoje (EK), Europos Parlamente (EP) ir Europos Taryboje (ET). Atlikta Lietuvos žemdirbių organizacijų vadovų bei valstybės tarnautojų apklausa apie žemdirbių interesus, žemdirbių lobistinės veiklos metodų efektyvumą, prieigos taškus ir žemdirbių konkurentus vykdant lobistinę veiklą. Taip pat atlikta žemdirbių organizacijų vadovų, valstybės tarnautojų ir politikų atsakymų lyginamoji analizė

Agrolobbyism in EU and Lithuania

Lobbying activities of Lithuanian agricultural interest groups in European and Lithuanian institutions are described in this paper. Lobbying activities of Lithuanian agricultural interest groups have elements of pluralism and corporatism, but elements of corporatism are more numerous. Also, this paper touches upon lobbying activities in the European Commision, the European Parliament and the European Council. Leaders of Lithuanian agricultural interest groups and Lithuanian statesmen were interviewed about interests, lobbyism method effectiveness, access points of Lithuanian agricultural groups and of competitive interest groups. A comparative analysis of the answers of the Lithuanian agricultural group leaders and the Lithuanian statesmen was made. The paper presents conclusions of the above analysis. Lithuanian state officials and politicians which took part in the research interviews stated that the most influential Common Agriculture Policy formers are officials of European Commision and officials of national agricultural ministries. The most influential shapers of Lithuanian farmers` position are top officials in the Chamber of Agriculture of the Republic of Lithuania and leaders of national farmers’ organisations. They plan and execute lobbying activities in Lithuania and Brussels. Lithuanian farmers` lobbying activities in European Union institutions is weak, but Lithuanian farmers are able to form their position and to defend it. Lithuanian agricultural organisations, except Lithuanian Forest Owners Association, are not registered in European Union Transparency Register. Lithuanian agricultural organisations do not hire professional lobbyists in most cases. The basic methods of Lithuanian farmers` lobbying activities are expert information and campaigns of public opinion forming. In most cases Lithuanian farmers` leaders appeal to Lithuanian government institutions. To European Union institutions Lithuanian farmers appeal through mediators.Those mediators are Lithuanian state officials or European agricultural organisations. Lithuanian farmers rarely appeal to European Union institutions directly. In cases of direct address of EU institutionsLithuanian farmers ask for assistance of the European Parliament members from the Baltic States. Lithuanian farmers lack lobbying abilities. Only 10 percent of Lithuanian farmers participate in activities of agricultural organisations. Lithuanian farmers` lobbying methods sometimes are not suitable, for example, Lithuanian farmers insufficiently value influence of press campaigns to European Union institutions decisions. Also Lithuanian farmers hold a faulty opinion that Lithuanian state officials have more influence in Common Agriculture Policy forming than European Union institutions do. Lithuanian farmers did not achieve their main goal - to equalize direct payments to those of Western European countries. Lithuanian farmers` competitors are agricultural organisations from another European countries, and those organisations are more successful in lobbying activities, mostly because they have long lobbying traditions in their own countries. Lithuanian agricultural organisations could form lobbying coalitions with agricultural organisations from another European states, which have the same interests. If Lithuanian farmers use organic farming, they will have support of environment protection organisations and politicians. It will be difficult for Lithuanian farmers to defend their position in European Union institutions without those allies, because Lithuanian agricultural organisations are not widely known in the key institutions. Also Lithuanian agricultural organisations unite a small number of members and small resources

Calculating ivalent dose rate field structure applying the method of optimal interpollation in the Baltic Sea coast

Equivalent dose rate measurements were carried out in the Baltic Sea coast near Juodkrantė. The measurements were performed at the ground level and 1 meter above it at 63 points within the territory of 2,0´0,2 km on 2 July 2008 and 10 July 2008 under conditions of northern and southern wind directions respectively. The extreme rates of the equivalent dose rate were 51 and 90 nSv/h respectively which means that the structure of the equivalent dose field was unhomogeneous. The method of optimal interpollation was used to calculate and evaluate the structure of the equivalent dose rate field. This method was used in 3 cases when 63, 33 and 18 numbers of measurement were carried out. The identical structures of the equivalent dose field were accepted. Using 18 measurement points, coincidence between the measured and calculated values of the equivalent dose rate was satisfactory. Difference between the measured and calculated values does not exceed 15% in 80% of the measurement points.Lietuviška santrauka. Baltijos jūros priekrantėje, prie Juodkrantės, atlikti lygiavertės dozės galios (LDG) matavimai prie žemės paviršiaus ir 1 m aukštyje nuo žemės paviršiaus. Matavimai atlikti 2008 m. liepos 2 ir 10 d. 63 taškuose 2,0´0,2 km teritorijoje esant šiaurės ir pietų vėjo kryptims. Vidutinių dydžių ekstremalios reikšmės buvo 51 nSv/h ir 90 nSv/h. Tai parodo, kad LDG laukų struktūra yra nehomogeninė. LDG laukų struktūrai nustatyti ir įvertinti buvo taikytas optimalios interpoliacijos metodas trims atvejams – kai tyrimų teritorijoje atlikta 63, 33 ir 18 matavimų. Gautos identiškos LDG laukų struktūros. Rasta, kad naudojant tik 18 matavimo rezultatų modelyje gaunamas patenkinamas eksperimentinių ir teorinių rezultatų sutapimas, t. y. jų skirtumas neviršija 15 % iš 80 % duomenų palyginimo

Calculating Ivalent Dose Rate Field Structure Applying the Method of Optimal Interpollation in the Baltic Sea Coast

<p>Equivalent dose rate measurements were carried out in the Baltic Sea coast near Juodkrantė. The measurements were performed at the ground level and 1 meter above it at 63 points within the territory of 2,0´0,2 km on 2 July 2008 and 10 July 2008 under conditions of northern and southern wind directions respectively. The extreme rates of the equivalent dose rate were 51 and 90 nSv/h respectively which means that the structure of the equivalent dose field was unhomogeneous. The method of optimal interpollation was used to calculate and evaluate the structure of the equivalent dose rate field. This method was used in 3 cases when 63, 33 and 18 numbers of measurement were carried out. The identical structures of the equivalent dose field were accepted. Using 18 measurement points, coincidence between the measured and calculated values of the equivalent dose rate was satisfactory. Difference between the measured and calculated values does not exceed 15% in 80% of the measurement points.</p><p>Article in Lithuanian</p