DESIGN ISSUES AND CLASSIFICATION OF WSNS OPERATING SYSTEMS

Wireless Sensor Networks is an emerging area of research. Wireless Sensor networks (WSNs) face lot of problems that do not arise in other types of wireless networks and computing environments. Limited computational resources, power constraints, low reliability and higher density of sensor nodes (motes) are just some basic problems that have to be considered when designing or selecting a new operating system in order to evaluate the performance of wireless sensor nodes (motes). In this paper we focused on design issues, challenges and classification of operating systems for WSNs

OPTIMIZATION OF CAPILLARY ACTION & BRASS CONSUMPTION IN DIP-BRAZING OF ROADSTER BICYCLE FRAMES

This paper describes the requirements of joint clearance between the mating parts, of lugged bicycle frame head, to be brazed by flow of molten filler material (brass) between the micro gap due to capillary action. Tolerance analysis was done to establish the practical requirements of clearances essential to facilitate the assembly of the bicycle frame tubes and mating head lugs. Consumption of brass was computed, by weight measurements, after dip brazing of the lugged joints. Excessive joint clearance between the mating parts was reduced, by cold compaction of the assembled joint on mechanical power press using a press tool. The compacted joints were dip brazed by dipping it partially in the molten brass. Comparison of tensile strength of the brazed joints was done with respect to the strength of parent steel tubes. Brazed samples were sectioned to confirm the flow of brass all along the length of the lugs with improved capillary action. Thickness of the micro layer of the brass between the lug bore and tube outer surface was measured on optical microscope. Reduction in brass consumption due to reduced clearance was estimated volumetrically between the contact area between the lugs and the tubes

Screening of Bacterial Strains for Polygalacturonase Activity: Its Production by Bacillus sphaericus (MTCC 7542)

At present almost all the pectinolytic enzymes used for industrial applications are produced by fungi. There are a few reports of pectinase production by bacterial strains. Therefore, in the present study, seventy-four bacterial strains, isolated from soil and rotten vegetable samples, were screened for polygalacturonase production. The strain PG-31, which gave maximum activity, was identified as Bacillus sphaericus (MTCC 7542). Maximal quantities of polygalacturonase were produced when a 16-hours-old inoculum was used at 7.5% (v/v) in production medium and incubated in shaking conditions (160 rpm) for 72 hours. The optimal temperature and pH for bacterial growth and polygalacturonase production were found to be 30°C and 6.8, respectively. Maximum enzyme production resulted when citrus pectin was used as the carbon source at a concentration of 1.25% (w/v), whereas other carbon sources led to a decrease (30%–70%) in enzyme production. Casein hydrolysate and yeast extract used together as organic nitrogen source gave best results, and ammonium chloride was found to be the most suitable inorganic nitrogen source. The supplementation of media with 0.9% (w/v) D-galacturonic acid led to a 23% increase in activity. Bacillus sphaericus, a bacterium isolated from soil, produced good amount of polygalacturonase activity at neutral pH; hence, it would be potentially useful to increase the yield of banana, grape, or apple juice

PREFORMULATION STUDIES OF DILTIAZEM HYDROCHLORIDE FROM TABLETED MICROSPHERES

Microspheres are solid, spherical particles of protein or polymer-based matrix which comprised of a fairly homogeneous mixture of polymer and active agents.It undergoes considerable presystemic metabolism (45-55%) which results in reduced bioavailability. Diltiazem hydrochloride was scanned in the Methanol, acid buffer, pH 1.2and phosphate buffer, pH 7.2. 10 mg of drug was dissolved in methanol in 100 ml in volumetric flask, and volume was made to 100 ml with same solvent. This stock solution was further diluted to get concentration of 10mcg/ml. This solution was scanned in UV-spectrophotometer and characteristic peak was observed at 239 nm for methanol,237 nm for acid buffer, pH 1.2 and phosphate buffer, pH 7.2. Standard curve of Diltiazem hydrochloride was plotted in Methanol, acid buffer (pH 1.2) and phosphate buffer (pH 7.2).  The critical values for regression coefficient in each plot was less than 0.001 (i.e., P < 0.001).  That indicates that there was high linear correlation between concentrations of drug with absorbance. Keywords: Diltiazem hydrochloride, regression coefficient, bioavailability, Microspheres

The accuracy of USG and USG guided FNAC axilla in predicting nodal metastasis in a clinically lymph node negative cancer breast patient

Background: Breast malignancies are the second most common cause of cancer-related mortality among women. As the size of the primary breast cancer increases, some cancer cells are shed into cellular spaces and transported via the lymphatic network of the breast to the regional lymph nodes, especially the axillary lymph nodes. Objective of the study was to determine the accuracy of USG and US-FNAC in detecting lymph node metastasis in a clinically lymph node negative CA Breast patient.Methods: This prospective study was conducted on 40 consecutive patients with biopsy proven breast cancer with clinically negative axilla, who had attending the OPD or IPD in our department of surgery, Swaroop Rani Nehru Hospital, Allahabad, during the period of 2014 to 2015. All of these patients were planned to undergo surgery (breast conservation or modified radical mastectomy with axillary clearance).Results: Sensitivity of the study = 97.77%, specificity = 25%, positive predictive value =92.01%, negative predictive value =50%, diagnostic accuracy =90%.Conclusions: Using axillary ultrasound and selective US-FNAC is a rapid, non-morbid method of staging the axilla in newly diagnosed breast cancer patients and should become a routine part of patient care because it can spare many patients particularly those who are undergoing axillary dissection

Dengue fever presenting as acute pancreatitis

A 32-year-old non-alcoholic female was admitted with complaints of severe abdominal pain and was diagnosed with acute pancreatitis after blood investigations and USG of the abdomen. She had fever on the initial two days of admission, and serology tested positive for dengue. Treatment for dengue was instituted, leading to a good response and complete resolution of pancreatitis. The patient has been doing well and has had no recurrence of pancreatitis

Formulation of Rapid Dissolving Films Containing Granisetron Hydrochloride and Ondansetron Hydrochloride

The oral mucosa is conveniently and easily accessible and therefore allows uncomplicated application of dosage forms. A rapid-dissolving drug delivery system, in most cases, is a tablet that dissolves or disintegrates in the oral cavity without the need for water or chewing. More recently, fast-dissolving films are gaining interest as an alternative to fast-dissolving tablets to definitely eliminate patients’ fear of chocking and overcome patent impediments. In the present study, calculations for amount of drugs were determined, Rapid dissolving films containing GSH were prepared using solvent casting method. An aqueous solution of polymer was prepared in distilled water. For preparing the solution, polymer was soaked in water for some time (wherever required). This was followed by addition of GSH in the aqueous solution of the polymer. Now, plasticizer (PEG 400 and/or Glycerol), sweetening agent (Aspartame and/or Sucralose), citric acid and flavor were also added to this solution. In-vitro disintegration time (DT) of the prepared rapid dissolving films was determined visually in a glass beaker containing 50ml water and swirling every 10 seconds. Average of 3 films was taken for this purpose. In-vivo DT of the prepared rapid dissolving film was determined by mouth in three human volunteers. Evaluation of taste was done by a taste panel with 2mg drug and subsequently one film held in the mouth for 10-15 seconds. For preparing rapid dissolving films, varying amount of Pullulan, METHO K3P, METHO E3P were taken. Solvent evaporation method was used for preparation of the film. Various polymers used in the study were: Pullulan, Metho K3P, Metho E3P, Metho E15P and Poly N10. PEG-400 and glycerol were used as plasticizer. Aspartame and sucralose were used as sweetening agent while citric acid was used as saliva stimulating agent Keywords: Rapid dissolving film, Ondansetron hydrochloride (OND), Granisetron Hydrochloride (GSH)

Preformulation Studies of Rapid Dissolving Films Containing Granisetron Hydrochloride

Rapid-dissolving solid drug dosage forms for application onto the oral cavity for the pediatric population seem to be very appropriate, especially in preterm and term infants. The delivery of drugs via the oral mucosa offers easy application, prevents drug degradation by gastrointestinal fluids, avoids first-pass metabolism and potentially improves bioavailability. Granisetron hydrochloride (GSH) drug is used as antiemetic agent. Proposed work comprise of preformulation studies of Granisetron hydrochloride. For that, physicochemical parameters were determined; like melting point of GSH was determined using melting point apparatus, Granisetron hydrochloride was scanned in the distilled water, Acid buffer, pH 1.2 and Phosphate buffer, pH 6.8. The IR spectrum of pure drug (GSH), Pullulan, METHO K3P, METHO E3P, METHO E15P and POLYOX WSR N10 were recorded in potassium bromide using Shimadzu FTIR – 8400S(CE). Solubility of Granisetron hydrochloride was determined using shake flask method. Standard Plot of Granisetron hydrochloride in distilled water, Acid buffer, pH 1.2 and Phosphate buffer, pH 6.8 were taken, all the parameter obtained were satisfactory, which will be used further for formulation of rapid dissolving film. Keywords: Rapid dissolving film, Granisetron hydrochloride (GSH), Preformulation

SYNTHESIS, MOLECULAR MODELING, AND QUANTITATIVE STRUCTURE–ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP STUDIES OF UNDEC-10-ENEHYDRAZIDE DERIVATIVES AS ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS

Objective: In recent years, an increasing frequency and severity of antimicrobial resistance to different antimicrobial agents, demands new remedies for the treatment of infections. Therefore, in this study, a series of undec-10-enehydrazide derivatives were synthesized and screened for in vitro activity against selected pathogenic microbial strains.Methods: The synthesis of the intermediate and target compounds was performed by standard procedure. Synthesized compounds were screened for antimicrobial activity by tube dilution method. Molecular docking study of synthesized derivatives was also performed to find out their interaction with the target site of β-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase III, (FabH; pdb id:3IL7) by docking technique. Quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) studies were also performed to correlate antimicrobial activity with structural properties of synthesized molecules.Results: Antimicrobial screening results showed that compound 8 having benzylidine moiety with methoxy groups at meta and para position and compound 16 having 3-chloro-2-(3-flourophenyl)-4-oxoazetidine moiety was found to be most potent. QSAR studies revealed the importance of Randic topology parameter (R) in describing the antimicrobial activity of synthesized derivatives. Molecular docking study indicated hydrophobic interaction of deeply inserted aliphatic side chain of the ligand with FabH. The N-atoms of hydrazide moiety interacts with Ala246 and Asn247 through H-bonding. The m- and p-methoxy groups form H-bond with water and side chain of Arg36, respectively.Conclusion: Compound 8 having benzylidine moiety with methoxy groups at meta and para position and compound 16 having 3-chloro-2-(3- flourophenyl)-4-oxoazetidine moiety was found to most potent antibacterial and antifungal compounds, respectively