Improved Hybrid Model of HMM/GMM for Speech Recognition

In this paper, we propose a speech recognition engine using hybrid model of Hidden Markov Model (HMM) and Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM). Both the models have been trained independently and the respective likelihood values have been considered jointly and input to a decision logic which provides net likelihood as the output. This hybrid model has been compared with the HMM model. Training and testing has been done by using a database of 20 Hindi words spoken by 80 different speakers. Recognition rates achieved by normal HMM are 83.5% and it gets increased to 85% by using the hybrid approach of HMM and GMM

Gynecomastia our surgical experience using liposuction and minimal invasive surgical excision and its psychological benefits to young patients

Background: Gynecomastia is a benign enlargement of the male breast usually bilateral sometimes unilateral resulting from proliferation of glandular component of the breast. It is defined clinically by presence of rubbery or firm mass extending from nipple. The glandular tissue grows under influence of hormonal stimulation and is tender. Gynecomastia frequently presents social. Psychological, difficulties as low esteem and shame to sufferer. During adolescence many young males have gynecomastia and they are eager to do surgery of gynecomastia. Aims and objectives of the study was to correct deformity restoring normal contour to the chest, maintaining viability of nipple and areola. Also avoiding excess scarring and preventing saucer type deformity. To relieve emotional discomfort, psychological distress, and intolerable pain, to relieve shame in going to society, social gathering even doing marriage. To study effect of adding liposuction to surgical excision.Methods: This is two-year study of 20 cases of gynecomastia. Clinical and Laboratory findings were normal. preoperatively patients are selected by their complaints, discomfort, psychological effects, shame, depression, anxiety and size of gynecomastia. In surgery, we have done is liposuction thoroughly after infiltration with adequate amount of ringer solution and Inj adrenaline 1:100000 concentration. In gynecomastia with group 1 and 2 we used websters incision, in group 2b we used extended websters incision if required. In very large gynecomastia with skin excess we have done breast reduction with liposuction and free nipple grafting in one case and medial pedicle based, superiorly based flap in two cases, two cases with circumareolar skin excision and liposuction in group 2 b case. In rest 16 cases we have done liposuction, excision through websters incision.Results: In our study of 20 cases done in two years, in our department of plastic surgery at NKPSIMS, one was unilateral and rest 19 were bilateral gynecomastia cases. In all cases liposuction as treatment modality used and has given satisfactory outcome in 18 (90%) cases out of 20, 3 (10%) cases want more liposuction and if possible re excision. Average hospital stay was 2 days. Post-operative recovery was good in majority cases but in 2 ((10%) cases post op numbness and ischemia at margin of areola occurred treated conservatively. In one case (5%). dehiscence of wound healed Conservatively. All cases of breast reduction were healed well. All cases benefited psychologically by surgery and their self-image in society improved lot.Conclusions: The problem of excessive fat and fibroglandular tissue is managed by liposuction and excision through websters incision. In high grade gynecomastia of grade 3 we have done breast reduction. This has corrected deformity, restoring normal contour to majority of patients and they improved psychologically, and their self-image improved and so their social life

The emerging role of epitranscriptome in shaping stress responses in plants.

RNA modifications and editing changes constitute 'epitranscriptome' and are crucial in regulating the development and stress response in plants. Exploration of the epitranscriptome and associated machinery would facilitate the engineering of stress tolerance in crops. RNA editing and modifications post-transcriptionally decorate almost all classes of cellular RNAs, including tRNAs, rRNAs, snRNAs, lncRNAs and mRNAs, with more than 170 known modifications, among which m6A, Ψ, m5C, 8-OHG and C-to-U editing are the most abundant. Together, these modifications constitute the "epitranscriptome", and contribute to changes in several RNA attributes, thus providing an additional structural and functional diversification to the "cellular messages" and adding another layer of gene regulation in organisms, including plants. Numerous evidences suggest that RNA modifications have a widespread impact on plant development as well as in regulating the response of plants to abiotic and biotic stresses. High-throughput sequencing studies demonstrate that the landscapes of m6A, m5C, Am, Cm, C-to-U, U-to-G, and A-to-I editing are remarkably dynamic during stress conditions in plants. GO analysis of transcripts enriched in Ψ, m6A and m5C modifications have identified bonafide components of stress regulatory pathways. Furthermore, significant alterations in the expression pattern of genes encoding writers, readers, and erasers of certain modifications have been documented when plants are grown in challenging environments. Notably, manipulating the expression levels of a few components of RNA editing machinery markedly influenced the stress tolerance in plants. We provide updated information on the current understanding on the contribution of RNA modifications in shaping the stress responses in plants. Unraveling of the epitranscriptome has opened new avenues for designing crops with enhanced productivity and stress resilience in view of global climate change

Clinical etiology of myiasis in ENT: a reterograde period - interval study Etiologia clínica da miíase em otorrinolaringologia: um estudo retrospectivo

Myiasis in ENT, once a deadly disease still presents as a significant outdoor problem, though advances in management including supportive therapy has led to early healing with significant reduction in bed occupancy rate. AIMS: To assess the clinico etiology, relationship of myiasis to habit and habitat of patients and to assess the changes in age, seasonal, socioeconomic incidence, nasal bacterial flora and usefulness of certain commonly done tests with reference to a gap of 25 years. MATERIALS & METHODS: The presenting study was conducted on 80 patients selected over a period of two time intervals ; first 40 cases were chosen from 1979 to 1980 and next 40 over 2003 to 2004. Cases were studied in a retrograde manner and data tabulated. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS: Atrophic turbinates was the commonest pathological finding in nose in 30% of cases . Significant change seen was in the age group 51 and above with a rise of 30%. Mode during 2003-04 was 60 years. Incidence of palatal perforation dropped from 17.88 to 2.5% . Klebsiella emerged as a significant contributor to the nasal microbial flora. VDRL and split skin smear showed poor etiological association for the diseases.<br>Miíase em ORL não é mais uma doença fatal, mas ainda está presente como um significativo problema em ambientes externos. Entretanto, progressos alcançados no tratamento, incluindo terapêutica de suporte, têm levado à cura precoce com significativa redução na taxa de internação hospitalar por causa dessa enfermidade. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a etiologia clínica e as associações entre miíase e os hábitos e habitats dos pacientes; e avaliar diferenças no tocante à idade, estação do ano, incidência socioeconômica, flora bacteriana nasal e a utilidade de certos exames comumente feitos - um estudo retrospectivo de 25 anos. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: O presente estudo envolveu 80 pacientes selecionados em dois períodos; os primeiros 40 casos foram selecionados de 1979 a 1980, e os 40 seguintes foram coletados entre 2003 e 2004. Os casos foram estudados de forma retrospectiva e os dados foram analisados em tabelas. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: Cornetos atróficos representaram o achado nasal patológico mais comum - em 30% dos casos. Alterações significativas foram encontradas na faixa etária dos 51 anos e acima, com um aumento de 30% nestes. A média etária entre 2003-04 foi de 60 anos. A incidência de perfuração palatina caiu de 17,88% para 2,5%. Klebsiella foi o germe mais significativamente presente na flora microbiana nasal. Os exames de VDRL e teste cutâneo mostraram pobre associação etiológica entre as doenças