A New Approach for Computing the Bandwidth Statistics of Avalanche Photodiodes

A new approach for characterizing the avalanche-buildup-time-limited bandwidth of avalanche photodiodes (APDs) is introduced which relies on the direct knowledge of the statistics of the random response time. The random response time is the actual duration of the APD’s finite buildup-limited random impulse response function. A theory is developed characterizing the probability distribution function (PDF) of the random response time. Recurrence equations are derived and numerically solved to yield the PDF of the random response time. The PDF is then used to compute the mean and the standard deviation of the bandwidth. The dependence of the mean and the standard deviation of the bandwidth on the APD mean gain and the ionization coefficient ratio is investigated. Exact asymptotics of the tail of the PDF of the response time are also developed to aid the computation efficiency. The technique can be readily applied to multiplication models which incorporate dead space and can be extended to cases for which the carrier ionization coefficient is position dependent

Research on Restoration and Intelligent Management of the Global Village

A sharp rebound in global energy emissions in 2018 is disappointing as the carbon-dioxide data monitored by mon ppm, hawaii reached 415.09 on may 3, the highest level in at least 800,000 years. We are well known to emit 0.272 kg of carbon dust ,0.997 kg of carbon dioxide (C02),0.03 kg of sulfur dioxide (S02),0.015 kg of nitrogen oxides (NOX) and huge amounts of heat to the earth for each electricity we use a 1 degree thermal power plant. Therefore, the full use of renewable energy instead of fossil energy, not only to achieve reduction  The effective measures to open the era of boiler and automobile cold emission are also the trend of the development of national environmental protection and energy strategy