This article has been accepted for inclusion in a future issue of this journal. Content is final as presented, with the exception of pagination. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORKING 1 Design, Realization, and Evaluation of DozyAP for Power-Efficient Wi-Fi

Abstract—Wi-Fi tethering (i.e., sharing the Internet connection of a mobile phone via its Wi-Fi interface) is a useful functionality and is widely supported on commercial smartphones. Yet, existing Wi-Fi tethering schemes consume excessive power: They keep the Wi-Fi interface in a high power state regardless if there is ongoing traffic or not. In this paper, we propose DozyAP to improve the power efficiency of Wi-Fi tethering. Based on measurements in typical applications, we identify many opportunities that a tethering phone could sleep to save power. We design a simple yet reliable sleep protocol to coordinate the sleep schedule of the tethering phone with its clients without requiring tight time synchronization. Furthermore, we develop a two-stage, sleep interval adaptation algorithm to automatically adapt the sleep intervals to ongoing traffic patterns of various applications. DozyAP does not require any changes to the 802.11 protocol and is incrementally deployable through software updates. We have implemented DozyAP on commercial smartphones. Experimental results show that, while retaining comparable user experiences, our implementation can allow the Wi-Fi interface to sleep for up to 88 % of the total time in several different applications and reduce the system power consumption by up to 33 % under the restricted programmability of current Wi-Fi hardware. Index Terms—802.11, mobile hotspot, power-efficient, software access point, Wi-Fi tethering

Analysis of the Paradigm Evolution of Digital Libraries in China

The authors analyze the developmental framework of digital libraries in China and point out their current demand characteristics, development requirements, and developmental period. They then conclude that it is necessary to start up a new paradigm evolution of a digital library, from a traditional digital library to a virtual digital library. On that basis, they describe in detail several problems and developmental approaches that developing a virtual digital library must deal with, drawing lessons from the prototype DILIGENT

JS-K, a nitric oxide pro-drug, regulates growth and apoptosis through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in prostate cancer cells

Abstract Background In view of the fact that JS-K might regulate ubiquitin E3 ligase and that ubiquitin E3 ligase plays an important role in the mechanism of CRPC formation, the goal was to investigate the probable mechanism by which JS-K regulates prostate cancer cells. Methods Proliferation inhibition by JS-K on prostate cancer cells was examined usingCCK-8 assays. Caspase 3/7 activity assays and flow cytometry were performed to examine whether JS-K induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Western blotting and co-immunoprecipitation analyses investigated JS-K’s effects on the associated apoptosis mechanism. Real time-PCR and Western blotting were performed to assess JS-K’s effect on transcription of specific AR target genes. Western blotting was also performed to detect Siah2 and AR protein concentrations and co-immunoprecipitation to detect interactions of Siah2 and AR, NCoR1 and AR, and p300 and AR. Results JS-K inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. JS-K increased p53 and Mdm2 concentrations and regulated the caspase cascade reaction-associated protein concentrations. JS-K inhibited transcription of AR target genes and down-regulated PSA protein concentrations. JS-K inhibited Siah2 interactions and also inhibited the ubiquitination of AR. With further investigation, JS-K was found to stabilize AR and NCoR1 interactions and diminish AR and p300 interactions. Conclusions The present results suggested that JS-K might have been able to inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis via regulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation pathway, which represented a promising platform for the development of new compounds for PCa treatments

JS-K, a nitric oxide pro-drug, regulates growth and apoptosis through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in prostate cancer cells

Abstract Background In view of the fact that JS-K might regulate ubiquitin E3 ligase and that ubiquitin E3 ligase plays an important role in the mechanism of CRPC formation, the goal was to investigate the probable mechanism by which JS-K regulates prostate cancer cells. Methods Proliferation inhibition by JS-K on prostate cancer cells was examined usingCCK-8 assays. Caspase 3/7 activity assays and flow cytometry were performed to examine whether JS-K induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Western blotting and co-immunoprecipitation analyses investigated JS-K’s effects on the associated apoptosis mechanism. Real time-PCR and Western blotting were performed to assess JS-K’s effect on transcription of specific AR target genes. Western blotting was also performed to detect Siah2 and AR protein concentrations and co-immunoprecipitation to detect interactions of Siah2 and AR, NCoR1 and AR, and p300 and AR. Results JS-K inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. JS-K increased p53 and Mdm2 concentrations and regulated the caspase cascade reaction-associated protein concentrations. JS-K inhibited transcription of AR target genes and down-regulated PSA protein concentrations. JS-K inhibited Siah2 interactions and also inhibited the ubiquitination of AR. With further investigation, JS-K was found to stabilize AR and NCoR1 interactions and diminish AR and p300 interactions. Conclusions The present results suggested that JS-K might have been able to inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis via regulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation pathway, which represented a promising platform for the development of new compounds for PCa treatments

Study on the effects of stand density management of Chinese fir plantation in Northern China

The aim of this study was to clarify the mechanism by which thinning alters stand structure and affects forest productivity by characterizing changes in stand quantitative maturity age, stand diameter distribution, structural heterogeneity, and forest productivity of Chinese fir plantations at different thinning times and intensities. Our findings provide insights into how the density of stands could be modified to enhance the yield and timber quality of Chinese fir plantations. The significance of differences in individual tree volume, stand volume, and timber merchantable volume was determined using one-way analysis of variance and post hoc Duncan tests. The stand quantitative maturity age was obtained using the Richards equation. The quantitative relationship between stand structure and productivity was determined using a generalized linear mixed model. We found that (1) the quantitative maturity age of Chinese fir plantations increased with thinning intensity, and the quantitative maturity age was much greater under commercial thinning than under pre-commercial thinning. (2) Individual tree volume and the proportion of medium-sized and large-sized timber merchantable volume increased with stand thinning intensity. Thinning promoted increases in stand diameter. pre-commercially thinned stands were dominated by medium-diameter trees when the quantitative maturity age was reached, whereas commercially thinned stands were dominated by large-diameter trees. The living trees volume will decrease immediately after thinning, and then it will gradually increase with the age of the stand. When the stand volume included both living trees volume and thinned volume, thinned stands increased stand volume compared with unthinned stands. In pre-commercial thinning stands, the greater the intensity of thinning, the greater the increase in stand volume, and the opposite was true for commercial thinning. (3) Thinning also reduced heterogeneity in stand structure, which was lower after commercial thinning than after pre-commercial thinning. The productivity of pre-commercially thinned stands increased with thinning intensity, whereas that of commercially thinned stands decreased with thinning intensity. (4) The structural heterogeneity of pre-commercially and commercially thinned stands was negatively and positively correlated with forest productivity, respectively. In the Chinese fir plantations in the hilly terrain of the northern Chinese fir production area, when pre-commercial thinning was performed in the ninth year to a residual density of 1750 trees per hectare, the stand quantitative maturity age was reached in year 30, medium-sized timber accounted for 75.2% of all trees, and the stand volume was 667.9 m3 per hectare. This thinning strategy is favorable for producing medium-sized Chinese fir timber. When commercial thinning was performed in year 23, the optimal residual density was 400 trees per hectare. When the stand quantitative maturity age was reached in year 31, large-sized timber accounted for 76.6% of all trees, and the stand volume was 574.5 m3 per hectare. This thinning strategy is favorable for producing large-sized Chinese fir timber

Study on Compaction Effect and Process of Reclaimed Soil of Nonmetallic Mines in Xinjiang, China

Reclaimed soil is the key substrate for land reclamation and ecological restoration in the mine areas. The change of the density of reclaimed soil of the nonmetallic mines in Xinjiang during the land reclamation process was studied in this paper. Firstly, the in situ test method of static load was used to simulate the compaction of reclaimed soil with different thickness of overlying soil by different compaction times of mines reclamation machinery, and field in situ test compaction data were obtained. Then, the numerical simulation method was used to simulate the variation process of displacement and porosity at different depths for different thickness of the reclaimed soil under different compaction conditions. The numerical simulation and the in situ test results verified each other to acquire the compaction process and results of reclaimed soil under different compaction. The results showed that the numerical simulation results were consistent with the in situ test. The reclaimed soil thickness and compaction times were crucial factors affecting the compaction effect of the soil. The difference between the three times compaction and the uncompacted soil was obvious, and the effect of single compaction was weakened with the increase of compaction times. Under the same compaction action, the thicker the soil was, the less obvious the compaction effect would be. In the process of reclamation, the compaction effect of the surface part (at the depth of 10 cm) was visible, and the amount of compression and springback was larger. The research results can provide a reference to the land reclamation of nonmetallic mines in Xinjiang, China

Spatial variations and influencing factors analysis of heavy metals in the soil of typical rocky desertification peak cluster depression

Karst peak cluster depression areas are characterized by a special double-layer hydrogeological structure, and under the influence of human activities, there are many environmental problems, such as soil erosion, rocky desertification, dryness and wetness, and heavy metal pollution. How to clarify the spatial variations and influencing factor analysis of heavy metals in the soil of typical rocky desertification peak cluster depressions has become an important content to promote the prevention and control of heavy metal pollution in soil and the comprehensive management of rocky desertification. The typical rocky desertification peak cluster depression soil in Pingguo City, Guangxi, was selected as the research object in this study.Spatial variations, associated mechanisms and pollution risk assessments of eight heavy metals (e.g., As, Hg, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) in soil were carried out by using the geo-statistical, geological accumulation index, potential ecological danger index and geographical detector methods. These results show that the spatial distribution of heavy metals in the study area generally shows a downward trend from northeast to southwest. Cr and Cd show medium spatial correlation, and the other six heavy metals show strong spatial correlation, which was analyzed by semivariogram. The study area is affected by different pollution levels of Cd, As, Cr, Cu and Zn, and the impact of Cd is the most important. The geological accumulation index and potential ecological hazard index of Cd are 1.34 and 107.73, respectively, but the average geological accumulation index of other heavy metals is less than 0, and the potential ecological hazard index is less than 16.The main factors affecting the spatial differentiation of eight heavy metals in the soil of the study area are pH, stratum, Fe2O3, land use, phosphorus, CaO, Mn, distance to fault and rocky desertification degree. Moreover, the interaction types of different factor groups on the spatial differentiation of heavy metals in soil were mainly two factors enhanced and nonlinear enhanced. Therefore, it is considered that different factors have different effects on the spatial differentiation characteristics of various heavy metals in the soil of rocky desertification peak cluster depression. Cd is the most serious heavy metal element in the soil pollution degree and potential ecological harm degree of rocky desertification peak cluster depression. Strata, Mn, CaO, lithology, distance to fault and phosphorus are the key factors affecting the spatial differentiation of Cd

Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Studies Reveal Mechanisms of Effects of CPPU-Mediated Fruit-Setting on Attenuating Volatile Attributes of Melon Fruit

N1-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N3-phenylurea (CPPU), a synthetic cytokinin-active compound, is widely applied to induce parthenocarpic fruit set and enhance melon fruit enlargement (Cucumis melo L.). CPPU may also influence fruit quality; however, the mechanisms through which this occurs remain unknown. We investigated the differences in volatile emissions between parthenocarpic fruit set by CPPU (C) and seeded fruit set by artificial pollination (P). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis revealed that six volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by the P-group fruits were not detected in C-group fruits. The relative abundances of another 14 VOCs emitted by the CPPU-treated fruits were less than those in the P-group fruits. RNA sequencing analysis indicated that a total of 1027, 994, and 743 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in the C20 (treatment with 20 mg·L–1 CPPU) vs. P, P-C20 (pollination followed by 20 mg·L−1 CPPU treatment) vs. P, and P-C20 vs. C20 treatments, respectively. Compared with the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases, the DEGs related to fatty acid degradation and metabolism, which contribute to volatile production, were enriched. In particular, DEGs such as carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CCD)-, lipoxygenase (LOX)-, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)-, and alcohol acyltransferase (ATT)-related genes were closely related to the formation of volatiles. In summary, our study provides a metabolic and transcriptomic atlas, reveals the impact of CPPU on VOCs, and enhances our understanding of the mechanisms of CPPU that contribute towards generally reducing the quality of melon fruit